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What is RF ground?
What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different
ideas. |
What is RF ground?
"David" nospam@nospam wrote in :
What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. Except in the case of ground-mounted antennas, there is really no such thing. There is RF neutral, though. -- Dave Oldridge+ ICQ 1800667 |
What is RF ground?
"David" wrote
What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. ______________ A good "r-f ground" has a very small impedance to the flow of r-f current at the frequency of interest. A good r-f ground is especially important when using a ground-mounted vertical monopole radiator, because the path to "ground" is in series with the r-f current flowing on the monopole. Power consumed by the ground system is wasted (not radiated as EM energy). At medium wave broadcast frequencies and in the 160 meter and low HF bands, a system of ~120 buried radials each about 1/4-wave long provides a reasonably low-Z ground connection -- probably 2 ohms or less, regardless of the ground conductivity at the site. This was determined experimentally by Brown, Lewis and Epstein of RCA in 1937. Copper water pipes in the home, and even buried ground rods typically are not good, low-Z r-f grounds. But many antenna types - such as a dipole - do not need or use such an r-f ground for efficient radiation. RF |
What is RF ground?
"David" nospam@nospam wrote in message ... What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. 1. One needs to define properties or "regular" ground. 2. Illuminate it with RF of particular frequency and particular antenna. 3. Study the effect of 1 on 2 and you will get some idea. Amount of reflection or absorption would be the indicator of how good "RF ground" it is. As far as suitability of "ground" to "work" with antennas it is somewhere from horrible (rocky ground) to "perfect" (sea water, copper mine, etc.) Other than that, if you can walk or swim on/in it and you expose it to RF, then I suppose you could call it RF ground. If there is no RF, the RF ground disappears :-) Somethinglikethat?!? 73 Yuri, K3BU da salt water muddy RF ground lover join the Tesla Sparks at N2EE www.TeslaRadio.org |
What is RF ground?
rf ground is where ever you connect your meter/scope/analyzer ground lead.
"David" nospam@nospam wrote in message ... What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. |
What is RF ground?
David wrote:
What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. David: Ground can be a relative thing. What I have always found to be good advice is that EVERY ground, at some point, be allowed to reach a low ohmic earth ground (best possible if it all occurs at the exact same earth ground point--or no current flows and there is no voltage potential between such grounds.) For example, although a dipole needs no rf ground directly at the point it connects to the feed-line, the rig hooked to such an antenna and feed-line should be given a good earth ground. If the above is coupled with a good understanding, awareness, and practice of avoiding "ground loops", I think one can claim to have a good and adequate grounding system. Ground loops are well discussed in books, mags, and internet pages, etc. In planes and outer space the earth ground can be ignored, your crafts metallic shell will serve. Regards, JS |
What is RF ground?
On Sat, 11 Nov 2006 12:06:16 -0000, "David" nospam@nospam wrote:
What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. Hi David, This is another instance of scale matters. Ground is meant to imply an infinite resource of charge with no impedance to its flow. Of course, "infinite" and "no impedance" are factors that are the first casualties when RF is added as a requirment. This is from the simple consequence of scale, because distance causes phase shifts and brings impedance. A long wire that is perfectly capable as a ground lead for 60 Hz can become a liability to short wavelength RF. That wire (that we call ground) may connect to an infinite resource of charge (the proper ground), but that charge can't get to the other end because of possibly infinite impedances [again, infinite is in the eye of the creator]. If you can contrive to make that lead to ground half a wavelength long to the RF of your interest, that wire ceases to offer impedance and acts much as you would demand of a ground wire. Curiosly enough, it will never be zero impedance because it qualifies as a radiator (the paradox of ground) which adds the loss of radiation. For most purposes, however, it may be your only choice and you live with it. Now, when we get to the actual mud of ground, and how well it performs as an infinite resource of charge, RF still brings problems of scale because that mud will also exhibit impedances correlated to wavelength (corrected for velocity factors) that disconnect it from the total earth's resource for infinite charge. This is why you lay down radials (which simply increases coverage, but never completely escapes the scale of wavelenght problem). Moral to this tale: Put your source (transmitter) as close to the mud as possible; lay out as much copper as you can from that point to suit a broader range of frequencies. Alternative moral: Put your source (transmitter) as far from the mud as possible; Use a dipole and insure there are no connections to ground whatever. Any violation of this last rule brings grief. Such violations are legion and few escape. 73's Richard Clark, KB7QHC |
What is RF ground?
"John Smith" wrote in message ... David wrote: What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. David: Ground can be a relative thing. What I have always found to be good advice is that EVERY ground, at some point, be allowed to reach a low ohmic earth ground (best possible if it all occurs at the exact same earth ground point--or no current flows and there is no voltage potential between such grounds.) For example, although a dipole needs no rf ground directly at the point it connects to the feed-line, the rig hooked to such an antenna and feed-line should be given a good earth ground. snip Regards, JS When you refer to hooking the rig/dipole to a good earth ground, are you still talking about an rf ground, or a safety ground? I see no requirement to connect a nicely matched dipole to an earth ground for rf purposes. For example, a battery operated transmitter feeding a dummy load wouldn't need one either. |
What is RF ground?
Wayne wrote:
"John Smith" wrote in message ... David wrote: What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. David: Ground can be a relative thing. What I have always found to be good advice is that EVERY ground, at some point, be allowed to reach a low ohmic earth ground (best possible if it all occurs at the exact same earth ground point--or no current flows and there is no voltage potential between such grounds.) For example, although a dipole needs no rf ground directly at the point it connects to the feed-line, the rig hooked to such an antenna and feed-line should be given a good earth ground. snip Regards, JS When you refer to hooking the rig/dipole to a good earth ground, are you still talking about an rf ground, or a safety ground? I see no requirement to connect a nicely matched dipole to an earth ground for rf purposes. For example, a battery operated transmitter feeding a dummy load wouldn't need one either. Wayne: Both. Only a dummy would think he needed an rf ground for a watt burner of proper impedance. However, there always is that "special case;" if the nitwit was running a kw off a forklift battery, he just might want that rf ground. JS |
What is RF ground?
An RF ground is where RF energy flows into the earth. A lot of folks
misuse the word "ground" when they really mean a common connection point, which may or may not have anything to do with earth. Be careful to define just what you mean. Bill, W6WRT ------------ ORIGINAL MESSAGE ------------ On Sat, 11 Nov 2006 12:06:16 -0000, "David" nospam@nospam wrote: What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. |
What is RF ground?
but rf doesn't flow 'into the earth'. rf current is always trying to
complete the circuit back to it's source... i.e. 'ground radials' under a vertical are collecting the current and returning it to the feedpoint, so they are actually 'sucking' rf out of the ground. the 'ground' connection to a radio feeding a dipole is actually returning current from the ground back to the feedpoint via the outside of the coax shield... that is why you can get high voltages at the radio end of the cable, if too much current is coupled from the antenna onto other conductors connected to 'ground' they will feed current back through the radio 'ground' and out the shield of the feedline to get to the feedpoint, and if you happen to be too close to the antenna or some other object that couples the rf to you then you get burned when the rf from you flows back to the radio when you touch something that is 'grounded'. "Bill Turner" wrote in message ... An RF ground is where RF energy flows into the earth. A lot of folks misuse the word "ground" when they really mean a common connection point, which may or may not have anything to do with earth. Be careful to define just what you mean. Bill, W6WRT ------------ ORIGINAL MESSAGE ------------ On Sat, 11 Nov 2006 12:06:16 -0000, "David" nospam@nospam wrote: What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. |
What is RF ground?
Dave wrote:
but rf doesn't flow 'into the earth'. rf current is always trying to complete the circuit back to it's source... i.e. 'ground radials' under a vertical are collecting the current and returning it to the feedpoint, so they are actually 'sucking' rf out of the ground. the 'ground' connection to a radio feeding a dipole is actually returning current from the ground back to the feedpoint via the outside of the coax shield... that is why you can get high voltages at the radio end of the cable, if too much current is coupled from the antenna onto other conductors connected to 'ground' they will feed current back through the radio 'ground' and out the shield of the feedline to get to the feedpoint, and if you happen to be too close to the antenna or some other object that couples the rf to you then you get burned when the rf from you flows back to the radio when you touch something that is 'grounded'. "Bill Turner" wrote in message ... An RF ground is where RF energy flows into the earth. A lot of folks misuse the word "ground" when they really mean a common connection point, which may or may not have anything to do with earth. Be careful to define just what you mean. Bill, W6WRT ------------ ORIGINAL MESSAGE ------------ On Sat, 11 Nov 2006 12:06:16 -0000, "David" nospam@nospam wrote: What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. Correct. If pink fairies dance the head of the pin, all bets are off. Although everything applies if dancing blue fairies... JS |
float? What is RF ground?
Alternative moral: Put your source (transmitter) as far from the mud as possible; Use a dipole and insure there are no connections to ground whatever. Any violation of this last rule brings grief. Such violations are legion and few escape. Hi Rich This knocked the gerbil off his wheel so if i am doing the above, do you mean, no coaxl shield to ground or did you really really mean not even a ground to my rig chassies? i understand the dipole is ballanced at that point and the antenna dosn't need a gnd (plane) radial (min is a center feed equal l) so i would just have a rig and antenna nothing else?? (presume my electrical gnd is ok on the aka 3prong plug) |
What is RF ground?
On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 15:14:49 -0000, "Dave" wrote:
but rf doesn't flow 'into the earth'. Hi Dave, That statement is contradiction to the following: 'ground radials' ... are ... 'sucking' rf out of the ground. It necessarily follows that RF does flow "into" the earth by your own admission of it coming out (by whatever means). the 'ground' connection to a radio feeding a dipole is actually returning current from the ground back to the feedpoint via the outside of the coax shield... Very true. However, the ellipsis (...) elongates a 25 word statement into an 118 word run-on sentence: that is why you can get high voltages at the radio end of the cable, if too much current is coupled from the antenna onto other conductors connected to 'ground' they will feed current back through the radio 'ground' and out the shield of the feedline to get to the feedpoint, and if you happen to be too close to the antenna or some other object that couples the rf to you then you get burned when the rf from you flows back to the radio when you touch something that is 'grounded'. If I try to parse the intent of this, it becomes a string of assertions held in suspension until the summary that ties them together. That never happens. The conclusion: then you get burned when the rf from you flows back to the radio when you touch something that is 'grounded'. bears no relation to the matter of currents in the earth - except as a consequence to rather perverse conditions. 73's Richard Clark, KB7QHC |
What is RF ground?
"Richard Clark" wrote in message ... On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 15:14:49 -0000, "Dave" wrote: but rf doesn't flow 'into the earth'. Hi Dave, That statement is contradiction to the following: 'ground radials' ... are ... 'sucking' rf out of the ground. It necessarily follows that RF does flow "into" the earth by your own admission of it coming out (by whatever means). in context of the message i was replying to the writer implied that rf flowed 'into' the earth and that was the end of it, more correctly it could be said that rf flows 'through' the earth, but it doesn't dissappear 'into' the earth. the 'ground' connection to a radio feeding a dipole is actually returning current from the ground back to the feedpoint via the outside of the coax shield... Very true. However, the ellipsis (...) elongates a 25 word statement into an 118 word run-on sentence: i have been told before that i have very long trains of thought, usually i am just trying to be descriptive enough for someone else to follow along... and i just like ellipsis. that is why you can get high voltages at the radio end of the cable, if too much current is coupled from the antenna onto other conductors connected to 'ground' they will feed current back through the radio 'ground' and out the shield of the feedline to get to the feedpoint, and if you happen to be too close to the antenna or some other object that couples the rf to you then you get burned when the rf from you flows back to the radio when you touch something that is 'grounded'. If I try to parse the intent of this, it becomes a string of assertions held in suspension until the summary that ties them together. That never happens. The conclusion: then you get burned when the rf from you flows back to the radio when you touch something that is 'grounded'. bears no relation to the matter of currents in the earth - except as a consequence to rather perverse conditions. it relates to the common assumption that the radio case, coax shield, and other items connected to a common 'ground' are at 'rf ground'. ignoring the 'earth', there is also the common misconception that things tied together to the often discussed 'single point ground' are all 'grounded'... something that is not necesssarily true when dealing with rf. |
What is RF ground?
"John Smith" wrote
the 'ground' connection to a radio feeding a dipole is actually returning current from the ground back to the feedpoint via the outside of the coax shield. ______________ Usually there are good reasons to connect an earth-based tx chassis to an earth r-f ground. But if the tx is feeding a dipole or other balanced radiator, that radiator doesn't need or use a connection to an earth r-f ground to generate its radiation. The current source for one side of the dipole is the other side of the dipole. For example consider airborne VHF tx/rx/antenna systems -- which work just fine with no reference to an earth "r-f ground," whatsoever. RF |
float? What is RF ground?
Hi Myles,
Let's just cut to the chase with some selective editing: On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 16:14:21 GMT, ml wrote: Any violation of this last rule brings grief. Such violations are legion and few escape. (presume my electrical gnd is ok on the aka 3prong plug) B I N G O ! You have won the traditional violation of the rule. This is the meaning of "legion," there are many, many, many such examples. Those who violate this rule are often blindsided by other violations along the way. What is the third prong of the 3 prong plug for? Most would say ground (and be blindsided to the complete term being "safety" ground). The 3rd prong is not designed to be current carrying in the conventional sense, only in the safety sense when the neutral wire or hot wire becomes exposed to the device user (basically forcing a short circuit that then opens through a blown fuse). So, you have TWO paths to ground: 1. Through neutral; 2. through safety ground. The question becomes: "What is the quality of it being RF ground?" Answer: "Neither 1 nor 2 above were ever considered in those terms. Hence the quality of their being RF ground is unknown and the presumption of being poor examples is a reasonable expectation." The next question becomes: "Why do I need their ground proximity?" Answer: "You don't - unless...." Unless 1. You are powering off the Mains; 2. Powering off battery that is being recharged off the Mains. Both numbers 1 & 2 are a frequent blindside to those attempting to isolate ground loops. 73's Richard Clark, KB7QHC |
What is RF ground?
On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 19:25:38 -0000, "Dave" wrote:
in context of the message i was replying to the writer implied that rf flowed 'into' the earth and that was the end of it, more correctly it could be said that rf flows 'through' the earth, but it doesn't dissappear 'into' the earth. Hi Dave, True, but knowing Bill, I doubt his description was meant to be so literal as to having current disappear into the earth. In the sense of RF ground, already described by me earlier, ground is a pool of infinite charge and as such current into it does disappear. Otherwise, it would perturb and become less than a ground, its potential would elevate and that elevation would be in reference to some other ground. This is a true picture of the reality of ground as such perturbation does just this, and is evidenced by local variations of potential to other "grounds." However, this reduces the discussion to one of infinite regression and over-qualifies an answer to the primary question. i have been told before that i have very long trains of thought, usually i am just trying to be descriptive enough for someone else to follow along... and i just like ellipsis. Up to the ellipsis was fine. The better part of writing is what you leave behind after you trim off the fat. it relates to the common assumption that the radio case, coax shield, and other items connected to a common 'ground' are at 'rf ground'. ignoring the 'earth', there is also the common misconception that things tied together to the often discussed 'single point ground' are all 'grounded'... something that is not necesssarily true when dealing with rf. I can follow the argument for concern, but you really don't offer any context. There are far more examples of grounding working than not; and your brush has tarred them all equally. There is the practical answer to the question of RF ground, and there is the literal answer (or academic, if you prefer). The practical answer might have the user elevated hundreds of volts above academic RF ground. That user might never perceive it in any way because the user may have contrived to build a virtual ground that satisfies all the requirements for operating without suffering themselves or any one else. 73's Richard Clark, KB7QHC |
What is RF ground?
In article ,
Richard Clark wrote: On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 15:14:49 -0000, "Dave" wrote: but rf doesn't flow 'into the earth'. Hi Dave, That statement is contradiction to the following: 'ground radials' ... are ... 'sucking' rf out of the ground. It necessarily follows that RF does flow "into" the earth by your own admission of it coming out (by whatever means). the 'ground' connection to a radio feeding a dipole is actually returning current from the ground back to the feedpoint via the outside of the coax shield... Very true. However, the ellipsis (...) elongates a 25 word statement into an 118 word run-on sentence: that is why you can get high voltages at the radio end of the cable, if too much current is coupled from the antenna onto other conductors connected to 'ground' they will feed current back through the radio 'ground' and out the shield of the feedline to get to the feedpoint, and if you happen to be too close to the antenna or some other object that couples the rf to you then you get burned when the rf from you flows back to the radio when you touch something that is 'grounded'. If I try to parse the intent of this, it becomes a string of assertions held in suspension until the summary that ties them together. That never happens. The conclusion: then you get burned when the rf from you flows back to the radio when you touch something that is 'grounded'. bears no relation to the matter of currents in the earth - except as a consequence to rather perverse conditions. 73's Richard Clark, KB7QHC In other words...... the guy is so full of ****, his eyes are brown..... |
What is RF ground?
Richard Fry wrote:
"John Smith" wrote the 'ground' connection to a radio feeding a dipole is actually returning current from the ground back to the feedpoint via the outside of the coax shield. ______________ Usually there are good reasons to connect an earth-based tx chassis to an earth r-f ground. But if the tx is feeding a dipole or other balanced radiator, that radiator doesn't need or use a connection to an earth r-f ground to generate its radiation. The current source for one side of the dipole is the other side of the dipole. For example consider airborne VHF tx/rx/antenna systems -- which work just fine with no reference to an earth "r-f ground," whatsoever. RF Richard: I have been "short" with some because I suspect they "pull my leg" a bit. I have no problem with the example you cite. However, if someone is at the point where they really need to ask, better for them to be overly cautious and "overly grounded." It would bother me is someone was injured or worse from some oversight of mine, something I was not clear enough on. And yes, I realize that even attempting to avoid such errors, I may make them. So, we agree... JS |
What is RF ground?
"John Smith" wrote in message ... Wayne wrote: "John Smith" wrote in message ... David wrote: What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas. David: Ground can be a relative thing. What I have always found to be good advice is that EVERY ground, at some point, be allowed to reach a low ohmic earth ground (best possible if it all occurs at the exact same earth ground point--or no current flows and there is no voltage potential between such grounds.) For example, although a dipole needs no rf ground directly at the point it connects to the feed-line, the rig hooked to such an antenna and feed-line should be given a good earth ground. snip Regards, JS When you refer to hooking the rig/dipole to a good earth ground, are you still talking about an rf ground, or a safety ground? I see no requirement to connect a nicely matched dipole to an earth ground for rf purposes. For example, a battery operated transmitter feeding a dummy load wouldn't need one either. Wayne: Both. Only a dummy would think he needed an rf ground for a watt burner of proper impedance. However, there always is that "special case;" if the nitwit was running a kw off a forklift battery, he just might want that rf ground. JS Well, my question is in the context of rf ground being a function of the antenna subsystem. It wasn't clear why you recommend use of a transmitter rf ground, if the antenna system doesn't require it. Yes, I would run some sort of rf ground at the rig if I were using a random wire fed with a tuner in the shack, because the antenna system requires it. My own setup is a ground mounted vertical with a modest 10 foot diameter ground system. The "rf ground" is at the base of the antenna (as is a separate lightning ground). The shack is on the second floor, and has only a safety ground at the rig. |
What is RF ground?
Wayne wrote:
"John Smith" wrote in message ... Wayne wrote: "John Smith" wrote in message JS Well, my question is in the context of rf ground being a function of the antenna subsystem. It wasn't clear why you recommend use of a transmitter rf ground, if the antenna system doesn't require it. Yes, I would run some sort of rf ground at the rig if I were using a random wire fed with a tuner in the shack, because the antenna system requires it. My own setup is a ground mounted vertical with a modest 10 foot diameter ground system. The "rf ground" is at the base of the antenna (as is a separate lightning ground). The shack is on the second floor, and has only a safety ground at the rig. Wayne: I see... An antenna design requiring a system of underground ground radial(s) to function correctly (or at least as designed), (or, for that matter, above ground radial(s) running though bushes) would only be a "complete antenna" if such were taken for granted had already been installed (meaning the "rf ground-establishing" radials.) And, if there were any chance at all I would be running a kw, and touching both the ground radials and the ground at the same time AND wanted to cover all special case/weird/worst-possible-cases (and I do propose everyone should plan on this)... I would provide a nice low ohmic earth ground for such radials (possibly useful for safety only.) But then I am a sissy and find rf burns painful. I didn't realize you were asking me, "If the guy has only installed half of the antenna, should he install the "other half?" The answer to that is all too obvious. Yanno, those trick questions always throw me! Regards, JS |
What is RF ground?
David wrote: What would you define RF ground as? There seem to be a lot of different ideas An ideal RF ground is a point or node where RF current can be imposed and the result is no change in RF potential (voltage). That is to say the impedance is zero. All real world implimentations of "RF ground" are less than perfect as measured by their real world impedance. |
What is RF ground?
ORIGINAL MESSAGE:
On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 15:14:49 -0000, "Dave" wrote: but rf doesn't flow 'into the earth' ------------ REPLY FOLLOWS ------------ Beware of making broad statements that are supposed to be true in all cases. The one above is not. Bill, W6WRT |
What is RF ground?
In article ,
Bill Turner wrote: ORIGINAL MESSAGE: On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 15:14:49 -0000, "Dave" wrote: but rf doesn't flow 'into the earth' ------------ REPLY FOLLOWS ------------ Beware of making broad statements that are supposed to be true in all cases. The one above is not. Bill, W6WRT One statement that IS True, and has been around "Forever": Ground is not Ground, the World Around........ Me and RF Ground, is not Ground Ground........ |
float? What is RF ground?
the real fooling part is somthing kinda simple, can be sooo tricky
In article , Richard Clark wrote: Hi Myles, Let's just cut to the chase with some selective editing: On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 16:14:21 GMT, ml wrote: Any violation of this last rule brings grief. Such violations are legion and few escape. (presume my electrical gnd is ok on the aka 3prong plug) B I N G O ! You have won the traditional violation of the rule. This is the meaning of "legion," there are many, many, many such examples. Those who violate this rule are often blindsided by other violations along the way. What is the third prong of the 3 prong plug for? Most would say ground (and be blindsided to the complete term being "safety" ground). The 3rd prong is not designed to be current carrying in the conventional sense, only in the safety sense when the neutral wire or hot wire becomes exposed to the device user (basically forcing a short circuit that then opens through a blown fuse). So, you have TWO paths to ground: 1. Through neutral; 2. through safety ground. The question becomes: "What is the quality of it being RF ground?" Answer: "Neither 1 nor 2 above were ever considered in those terms. Hence the quality of their being RF ground is unknown and the presumption of being poor examples is a reasonable expectation." The next question becomes: "Why do I need their ground proximity?" Answer: "You don't - unless...." Unless 1. You are powering off the Mains; 2. Powering off battery that is being recharged off the Mains. Both numbers 1 & 2 are a frequent blindside to those attempting to isolate ground loops. 73's Richard Clark, KB7QHC |
What is RF ground?
Me wrote:
In article , Bill Turner wrote: ORIGINAL MESSAGE: On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 15:14:49 -0000, "Dave" wrote: but rf doesn't flow 'into the earth' ------------ REPLY FOLLOWS ------------ Beware of making broad statements that are supposed to be true in all cases. The one above is not. Bill, W6WRT One statement that IS True, and has been around "Forever": Ground is not Ground, the World Around........ Me and RF Ground, is not Ground Ground........ As was pointed out before and mentioned by someone else, if the antenna is mounted so as to be fed by a feed-line running at ground level AND fed at this low point (coax probably best in such close proximity to "ground ground")--and a set of rf grounding radials emanate in all directions from this feed point (but just below ground), BOTH EARTH GROUND and RF GROUND are at or "are very near" exact points. For most other situations which come to mind, your statement is true. JS |
What is RF ground?
Bill Turner wrote: ORIGINAL MESSAGE: On Sun, 12 Nov 2006 15:14:49 -0000, "Dave" wrote: but rf doesn't flow 'into the earth' ------------ REPLY FOLLOWS ------------ Beware of making broad statements that are supposed to be true in all cases. The one above is not. Bill, W6WRT Bill, The broadest and most general statement I made in my post was "All real world implimentations of "RF ground" are less than perfect". I take it from your negitive post that you disagree with this point. |
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