Does anyone know of circuits that measure audio noise?

Sure, Short out your rf input to the audio amp, and measure the noise. If you
have a noisy output after you short the input, then you have a noisy amp. If
you have a noisy audio amp, then you need another design.
73 Gary N4AST

THE BIG QUESTION: How do you measure the audio noise level in a
receiver?

Its called Vu meter (or circuit).


Yuri

Crazy George wrote:
Jason:

Very similar to what you are describing is popularly known as a "Noise
Blanker" Motorola introduced their design for mobile radios in 1959 as an
"Extender" In the same time frame, Collins offered a model for the S-Line
and KWM-2. I designed a tube model for GE's Progress Line radios, and I
forget who designed the solid state version. The concept has been described
in numerous places, so do a bibliographic search of Engineering Index, or
Scientific Abstracts, or whatever that school has access to. You also need
to familiarize yourself with the concepts involved in noise balanced
squelch, which was patented by Motorola back in the late 30s or early 40s.
It will tell you how to do the audio noise level measurement meaningfully
and apply it usefully.

--
Crazy George
Remove NO and SPAM from return address
"Jason Hsu" wrote in message
om...



..........snip..............

The Motorola "Extender" and subsequent NB developments are based on the
"Lamb Noise Silencer", patented (AFAIK) in 1937 and, ......with the
intervening war years, the patent expired shortly before the Motorola
product was introduced.

73,

Tom N4TAB

Crazy George wrote:
"---do a bibliographic search of Engineering Index, or Scientific
Abstracts, or whatever that school has access to."

Excellent advice from George. Motorola`s Extender usually included a
switch on the radio control head to enable or defeat Extender operation.
The only reason I can think of to defeat Extender operation is to
demonstrate its effectiveness, which can be compelling.

The Extender works early and often to put a hole in the radio`s response
before adverse effects are generated within. The holes rarely detract
significantly from the signal.

Also look for Motorola TEK 21 Pulse Generator instructions. It is a
hand-held, battery-operated, zener diode noise maker used to optimize
Extender performance in the radio. The TEK 21 saves overheating a car
engine just to make ignition noise pulses to obliterate while tweaking
the Extender circuit and the the radio`s response.

Best regards, Richard Harrison, KB5WZI

Also, be aware that the "Extender" is somewhat different from the typical
noise blanker (at least in RCA units), in that these actually have a
SEPERATE reciever, that can be tuned to a nearby (but not necessarly the
same frequency) that you are trying to eliminate noise on. The output of
this is used to control a preamp on the frequency that you are operateing
on. This has a major advantage over the typical noise blanker, in that , a
strong nearby signal won't overload the extender , if it is aligned 2, or
3 megs away from the frequency range you want to operate (unlike in a
transciever, which operats at the IF frequency ). As a side note, these
make great noise blankers for 6 meters, and are virtually overload proof.
Been there, done that! Jim NN7K



Richard wrote:...
Crazy George wrote:
"---do a bibliographic search of Engineering Index, or Scientific
Abstracts, or whatever that school has access to."

Excellent advice from George. Motorola`s Extender usually included a
switch on the radio control head to enable or defeat Extender operation.
The only reason I can think of to defeat Extender operation is to
demonstrate its effectiveness, which can be compelling.

The Extender works early and often to put a hole in the radio`s response
before adverse effects are generated within. The holes rarely detract
significantly from the signal.

Also look for Motorola TEK 21 Pulse Generator instructions. It is a
hand-held, battery-operated, zener diode noise maker used to optimize
Extender performance in the radio. The TEK 21 saves overheating a car
engine just to make ignition noise pulses to obliterate while tweaking
the Extender circuit and the the radio`s response.

Best regards, Richard Harrison, KB5WZI

"Richard Harrison" wrote in message
...
Crazy George wrote:
"---do a bibliographic search of Engineering Index, or Scientific
Abstracts, or whatever that school has access to."

Excellent advice from George. Motorola`s Extender usually included a
switch on the radio control head to enable or defeat Extender operation.
The only reason I can think of to defeat Extender operation is to
demonstrate its effectiveness, which can be compelling.

Richard:

One of the problems with the first production Extenders was no limit on the
total duration blanking. Since the individual pulse length was fixed, it
was possible to get 100% blanking on a readable signal, with the right noise
pulse length and rate. Motorola figured this out about the same time we
did, and quietly modified the circuitry to limit total blanking percentage.
On the other hand, the salesmen with one noisy spark plug in their demo
vehicles loved the switch. But, that's been 40+ years ago, and the details
are hazy.

--
Crazy George
Remove NO and SPAM from return address
snip

Best regards, Richard Harrison, KB5WZI

Richard, are you becoming a 'discriminator' or what?

DD, W1MCE

Richard Harrison wrote:

N. Thornton wrote:
"There are a whole lot of unworkable ideas on this thread."

The most important reduction in radio "static" was made by Edwin Howard
Armstrong in 1933 when he invented the FM broadcasting system. FM
detection can be made very non-responsive to most disturbances,
including variations in signal strength. FM proved its value in WW-2
communications and in broadcasting after the first receivers became
available in 1939.

Best regards, Richard Harrison, KB5WZI

Wasn't this the basis of the TNS?

If so, it worked on impulse noise above the slow AGC level.

The ANC-4 doesn't even let the noise into the first RF stage!!

DD, W1MCE

Crazy George wrote:

Jason:

Very similar to what you are describing is popularly known as a "Noise
Blanker" Motorola introduced their design for mobile radios in 1959 as an
"Extender" In the same time frame, Collins offered a model for the S-Line
and KWM-2. I designed a tube model for GE's Progress Line radios, and I
forget who designed the solid state version. The concept has been described
in numerous places, so do a bibliographic search of Engineering Index, or
Scientific Abstracts, or whatever that school has access to. You also need
to familiarize yourself with the concepts involved in noise balanced
squelch, which was patented by Motorola back in the late 30s or early 40s.
It will tell you how to do the audio noise level measurement meaningfully
and apply it usefully.

--
Crazy George
Remove NO and SPAM from return address
"Jason Hsu" wrote in message
om...

THE BIG QUESTION: How do you measure the audio noise level in a
receiver? Does anyone here know of any circuits that show the overall
audio noise level?

Let me tell you what this is all about.

SIDE NOTE: Thanks again to those of you who helped me with the
SWR/wattmeter project I worked on last semester. This project taught
me more about ferrite cores, op amps, and diodes than ANY class
possibly could. I learned about stray capacitance and what rails
mean. I also learned that not all 1N34A diodes are alike.

In this coming semester, I will be working on an even more ambitious
project - an automatic noise canceller for 160m to 10m. It will
definitely be a control system, and it may even use DSP. The device
will also require a motor for automatically adjusting the controls.
The idea is to design and build an automatic version of the Timewave
ANC-4 or the MFJ-1025/1026 RF noise cancellers.

The ANC-4 and MFJ-1025/1026 are manual devices. There are automatic
noise cancellation devices, but their adjustments are at the audio
level rather than the RF level.

The back panel of my device will contain:
1. Connector for the signal antenna
2. Connector for the transceiver
3. Connector for the noise antenna
4. DC power connector

The front panel of my device will contain:
1. Power switch and the obligatory idiot light to show that the power
is on
2. 2 audio connectors: one connects to the transceiver, and the other
connects to an external speaker
3. Frequency range control for choosing the inductance values, as the
proper inductance values in the RF noise cancelling circuit varies
with frequency
4. Phase range knob so that the phase shifter can cover all 360
degrees
5. Manual noise phase knob
6. Manual noise gain knob
7. LED display to show the noise level
8. Noise phase adjustment push-button: Pressing this button activates
the control system to adjust the phase shift of the noise.
9. Noise gain adjustment button: Pressing this button activates the
control system to adjust the gain of the noise.

Other features:
1. I need to design my automatic noise canceller so that parts won't
blow up if I transmit 100W through it. This probably requires some
type of automatic bypass circuitry.
2. Transmitted power must not reach the noise antenna (at least not
without a great deal of attenuation)
3. It also needs a low insertion loss.
4. A preamplifier would be desirable.

How it would work:
1. You manually turn the phase and gain controls to the minimum
settings. (Or I could put in a reset button to do that. No, that
would add too much complexity to the circuit.)
2. You select the band using the band inductance switch.
3. You move the phase polarity switch to the negative setting. If
the noise cancellation procedure does not work, it probably means the
opposite setting is required.
4. Press the noise gain adjustment button. The device adjusts the
noise gain until a change in the signal level (or the S meter) is just
noted. (Some type of derivative function would come into play.)
5. Press the noise phase adjustment button. The device adjusts the
noise phase shift so as to produce a null in the signal level (or the
S meter).
6. Steps 4 and 5 could be repeated to make further adjustments.
There might be away to activate the control system with just one
button.

Does anyone know of circuits that measure audio noise? Making the RF
noise canceller automatic requires an audio circuit to monitor the
noise level. This noise level needs to be converted into a large DC
voltage, which feeds the motors that turn the variable capacitor and
potentiometer.

Jason Hsu, AG4DG

Jason, AG4DG wrote:
"3. Connector for the noise antenna"

Eliminate the noise antenna for simplicity. Signal at the radio can be
delayed to allow silent disconnect before noise arrives to upset it.
Like noise squelch, representative interference can be sensed outside
the receiver passband from a common antenna. But sensing large
interfering signal impulses requires more reception independence than
does noise squelch reception of background noise. But it doesn`t require
separate antennas as does space diversity reception.

Best regards, Richard Harrison, KB5WZI

In article , Jerry Avins wrote:
Tweetldee wrote:

...

Now, as to your concern to keep 100W of RF from blowing up your noise
canceller. That's what antenna changeover relays are for. They normally
connect the antenna to the receiver, but when the transmitter is keyed up,
the relay connects the antenna to the transmitter output, and disconnects it
from the receiver. Simple, but effective, and has been used for many many
years in amateur as well as commercial radio equipment.

The line from the change-over relay to the receiver should be shorted
when the receiver is disconnected and either short or a half wave, or
else open when the receiver is disconnected and a quarter wave long.

Jerry


It's important to protect the both the noise antenna input and the main
antenna inputs on the noise canceller from RF - but trying to figure out if
you should short or open the receiver input based on the wavelength is a
little difficult when the frequency range covers a continuum of multiple
octaves. Not to mention the problem with putting a quarter or half wave chunk
of feedline between the changeover relay and the receiver input when the
wavelength is 160 meters. That technique works well for any single frequency
(or very narrow frequency band as a percentage of the center frequency) and is
commonly used at VHF frequencies and above with diode and relay switching
circuits for the additional isolation it affords.

An important consideration is the voltage on the changeover relay and the
components connected to it. The obvious part is the 100 W and 50 Ohm
situation, but consider what happens to the voltage when you have a high (SWR
for the hams / VSWR for the engineers). Jason, since this is your project,
I'll leave you with the research to figure out the potential range of reactive
loads with various antennas as well as the calculation of the resultant
voltages. Remember a good simulation models the real world, not just a
convenient part of it. I will tell you the result if you don' t give this
part of your design its due. Think about PCB traces vaporized, capacitors
shorted, transistor "fuses", relay housings melted and what we used to call
"essence of Allen Bradley" from the burned resistors. It's about the same as a
lightning hit or running 1000 watts through a 100 watt unit! This can be a
safety issue as well as causing unncessary delay and cost.

One of the other people noted that it was important to do a lot of reading,
research and analysis of your own - I'll second that!

If you haven't run across it yet, start with the term "Null Steering".

'nuff said for now,

Randy Gawtry
Timewave Technology Inc.