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What is a good AM radio for DXing
I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current
Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. |
I have an Akai AT-2400 tuner that did super duper well after replacing the
465 KHz ceramic filter with a Collins mechanical one :-) Moral: Even the worst RX can be made good by tweaking the IF selectivity ;-) -- Gregg *It's probably useful, even if it can't be SPICE'd* http://geek.scorpiorising.ca |
Ronald wrote:
I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. You're likely to be disappointed. At night the trouble is too many stations, not weak signals. 50 watts makes it across the country, but there's a million other watts on the same frequency along the way. A selective radio (=picking out only one channel) eliminates most problems with stations on nearby frequencies (so you're really dealing with 3 million unwanted watts, a million on each side) but you still have the million on the frequency you're tuned to. The CC Crane is fairly selective. For the same price I'd go for a Sony 7600GR (http://www.jandr.com) which at least gives you the ability to pick upper or lower sideband with its synch detection, and gives you as a bonus shortwave as well; it needs a MW loop antenna in the daytime and then it equals the CC Crane. Select-a-tenna or Terk loop, for instance; get the cheap passive models. Daytime MW DXing is much more interesting because then sensitivity really does matter. -- Ron Hardin On the internet, nobody knows you're a jerk. |
Ron Hardin wrote: Ronald wrote: I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. You're likely to be disappointed. At night the trouble is too many stations, not weak signals. 50 watts makes it across the country, but there's a million other watts on the same frequency along the way. A selective radio (=picking out only one channel) eliminates most problems with stations on nearby frequencies (so you're really dealing with 3 million unwanted watts, a million on each side) but you still have the million on the frequency you're tuned to. The CC Crane is fairly selective. For the same price I'd go for a Sony 7600GR (http://www.jandr.com) which at least gives you the ability to pick upper or lower sideband with its synch detection, and gives you as a bonus shortwave as well; it needs a MW loop antenna in the daytime and then it equals the CC Crane. Select-a-tenna or Terk loop, for instance; get the cheap passive models. Daytime MW DXing is much more interesting because then sensitivity really does matter. -- Ron Hardin I agree completely with the last sentence. Late at night, the differences between various AM receivers *shrinks* as compared to daytime (though some are still much better than others, of course), but in midday AM DX, the radios built especially for it, and in conjunction with something like a passive inductive loop (I like the Select-A-Tenna) can give amazing performance over the typical AM/FM radio of today with a 79¢ AM tuner section in it. Tony ----== Posted via Newsfeed.Com - Unlimited-Uncensored-Secure Usenet News==---- http://www.newsfeed.com The #1 Newsgroup Service in the World! 100,000 Newsgroups ---= 19 East/West-Coast Specialized Servers - Total Privacy via Encryption =--- |
Only if you want the best.
--James-- ---------------------------------------------- I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. |
"James Nipper" wrote in message ... Only if you want the best. The GE SuperRadio is in many ways superior to the triple-priced Crane offering, which was born in the knowledge that there are lots of talk show listeners who are not going to price or value shop. Neither is an R8B. |
I'm in NJ and I can hear AM stations from: OH, IL, KY, PA, NY, MA,VA and
other states. For me, the key to medium wave AM broadcast listening is having a receiver like my R-75 that has SSB, pass band shift, noise blanking and noise reduction. With those options, not only will you be able to "hear" distant AM stations, you will actually be able to "listen" to them, practically speaking. If you are into DX'ing to see what you can "catch" with your radio, and listen to, you will need a serious rig like the R-75. At the very least, a good portable with ssb like the Sony 7600gr or the Grundig YB-400. Also... Just as importantly. Some sort of antenna that is made to have a good signal to noise ratio for the AM broadast band. If your interest is being able to suck up the content of the shows and not the DX'ing itself, just listen to them via webcast. -- Respectfully, Michael Home Page: http://md_dxing.tripod.com/ Northern NJ R75 w/DSP, Kiwa agc/sync & audio mods G5RV & 200ft longwire w/ICE-180 MFJ-1048 preselector SoundBlstr Live PC card w/five piece Cambridge speakers & full software mixer/eq. "Ronald" wrote in message om... I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. |
"Gregg" wrote in message news:iykkb.5814$At.3333@edtnps84... I have an Akai AT-2400 tuner that did super duper well after replacing the 465 KHz ceramic filter with a Collins mechanical one :-) Moral: Even the worst RX can be made good by tweaking the IF selectivity ;-) -- Gregg *It's probably useful, even if it can't be SPICE'd* http://geek.scorpiorising.ca Is your Akai analog or digital? My flea market early 80's Harmon Kardon has a pretty good AM tuner. Good sensitivity, low noise and about 15 flywheel-weighted turns lock to lock on the dial. It's only real DX drawback are rather wide IF transformers, which is what I expect for a hi-fi. I could say the same for the JVC stereo I trashpicked a few years ago. But it had all slider controls, an idiotic thumbwheel instead of a tuning knob and it was ugly. It was disco era. I fixed it up and gave it away. It did work pretty well with my homebrew loop. Frank Dresser |
Try a Radio Shack loop antenna (Or C Crane Justice antenna)
That will help . . . In article , (Ronald) writes: I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. |
Behold, Frank Dresser signalled from keyed 4-1000A filament:
Is your Akai analog or digital? Analog. I'dda left it in the trash can if it was digital ;-) It's only real DX drawback are rather wide IF transformers Yeah, same here. FM section is fantabulous, but AM section is a "radio on a chip" with two external cans, RF, IF and of course, the external loopstick. Pull the I,F. can and inserted the mech. filter and hey, hot dog! -- Gregg *It's probably useful, even if it can't be SPICE'd* http://geek.scorpiorising.ca |
Behold, --exray-- signalled from keyed 4-1000A filament:
Ronald wrote: I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. Sorry, you're not going to be able to listen to New York and Chicago from LA on any AM radio. I hate to say it but your best option is live audio on the internet. -Bill Chainsawed computer box coming up next? Hehehehehe ;-) -- Gregg *It's probably useful, even if it can't be SPICE'd* http://geek.scorpiorising.ca |
Gregg wrote:
Sorry, you're not going to be able to listen to New York and Chicago from LA on any AM radio. I hate to say it but your best option is live audio on the internet. -Bill Chainsawed computer box coming up next? Hehehehehe ;-) If I say you can sit in LA and listen to New York on AM on it would you buy it? Hey, if it weren't for that darn fibre-optic cable you could dial a number in New York City and get a solid copper wire connection to use as an antenna! :-) |
In article , Diverd4777
wrote: Try a Radio Shack loop antenna (Or C Crane Justice antenna) That will help . . . _____ i second this guys suggestion from personal experience. i live in a remote area in ontario canada and using the justice antenna on my Grundig Satellite 800 produces amazing results. it will pull a station straight out of pure static and clean up inaudible signals like you wouldnt believe. i am thoroughly impressed with this product. again this is my personal experience and i dont pretend to speak for everyone and every configuration best of luck dx'ing! - test |
It doesn't matter what radio you get, you are not going to be able to get
what you are looking for on the AM broadcast band. The long distance reception you may be reading about here are rare events and are usually audible just well enough to identify and then not for long. At night, you should be able to get as far north as Washington state on a fairly regular basis but during the day, forget it. "James Nipper" wrote in message ... Only if you want the best. --James-- ---------------------------------------------- I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. |
"CW" wrote in message news:vPnkb.815189$Ho3.223307@sccrnsc03... It doesn't matter what radio you get, you are not going to be able to get what you are looking for on the AM broadcast band. The long distance reception you may be reading about here are rare events and are usually audible just well enough to identify and then not for long. At night, you should be able to get as far north as Washington state on a fairly regular basis but during the day, forget it. Yeah, CW's right. 20 - 25 years ago I could catch bits of KFI through WOI from Chicago every once in a while. Not any more. The old clear channel stations now have much less nighttime protection than they used to, and it was always an iffy proposition anyway. Frank Dresser |
In article vPnkb.815189$Ho3.223307@sccrnsc03, "CW"
writes: I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. SOMEONE ( name escapes me) in this group used multiple Loop antennas to null out local stations & , from teh midwest, pick up NY stations.. - probably not on a regular basis thoough.. - There are probably some NY talk shows that are carried by local AM stations in Calif... - Then on Sunday Nights, on 7.415, there's John Lightning; ( &- HE'S a New Yorker ...! ) |
This might seem strange but, The best DX'er I ever saw was a regenerative
receiver I bult myself. Why? Because all the AM radios are attenuated to pick up local stations so you will not get QRM from stations not local. Even a one tube rig I built was better than one I could buy. Bill, N5NOB |
"Diverd4777" wrote in message ... In article vPnkb.815189$Ho3.223307@sccrnsc03, "CW" writes: I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. SOMEONE ( name escapes me) in this group used multiple Loop antennas to null out local stations & , from teh midwest, pick up NY stations.. - probably not on a regular basis thoough.. [snip] Distance is less of a problem than interference. I can hear most of East Coast/Southern "clear channel" stations pretty well here in Chicago at night. The New York stations are more difficult, but mostly because of loud adjacent channel interference here. But on the West Coast, there's now usually a powerful local or regional station with a directional antenna, right on the same frequency. I used to get KSL almost like a nighttime local, before WJJD/WSCR and others went to 24 hour operation. I suppose nulling most of it out is possible, but it would take some time and determination to find out. If the original poster is more interested in the programming, rather than the challenge, the Internet radio suggestion is a good one. Frank Dresser |
Used to be able to get WLS in L.A. until St. George fired up.
On Sat, 18 Oct 2003 20:25:14 -0400, --exray-- wrote: Ronald wrote: I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. Sorry, you're not going to be able to listen to New York and Chicago from LA on any AM radio. I hate to say it but your best option is live audio on the internet. -Bill |
On Sun, 19 Oct 2003 9:10:58 -0500, David wrote
(in message ): Used to be able to get WLS in L.A. until St. George fired up. ? When I was a teenager I uswed to listen to WLS (World's Largest Store) but it was in Chicago grin. This was late 50's, early 60's (S-38B). Gray On Sat, 18 Oct 2003 20:25:14 -0400, --exray-- wrote: Ronald wrote: I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. Sorry, you're not going to be able to listen to New York and Chicago from LA on any AM radio. I hate to say it but your best option is live audio on the internet. -Bill |
"CW" wrote in
news:vPnkb.815189$Ho3.223307@sccrnsc03: It doesn't matter what radio you get, you are not going to be able to get what you are looking for on the AM broadcast band. The long distance reception you may be reading about here are rare events and are usually audible just well enough to identify and then not for long. At night, you should be able to get as far north as Washington state on a fairly regular basis but during the day, forget it. I agree. The best I could do from here in L.A. is ID a few Canadian stations, but the signals aren't very listenable. I could pick up a rare signal east of the Mississippi River (KY and OH), but not much further. -- |
300 to 400 miles is possible in the daytime..................here in
Chicago, I can hear WLW, on 700kHz, all day. Even when I was living in Cedar Rapids, I could still pull in that station, along with CFCO, in Chatham, Ontario, on 630kHz. On 610kHz, I could pull in either Kansas City, Mo. or Colombus, Ohio. This was daytime reception. Back here in Chicago, I can pull in the 524kHz beacon from Iowa City. Other daytime stations are 760kHz, Detroit, 810kHz, Kansas City, Mo, 830kHz, WCCO, and 870kHz, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Once you get a system that can hear down into the atmospheric noise, things change. Once, at a hamfest at the Amana Colonies, back in Iowa, I laid down 210 feet of wire on the ground. On the LW band, every few kHz there were stations. On MW, all of the Chicago stations came in with no noise. WLW was coming in at S9 +10dB. Pete --exray-- wrote in message ... Gregg wrote: Sorry, you're not going to be able to listen to New York and Chicago from LA on any AM radio. I hate to say it but your best option is live audio on the internet. -Bill Chainsawed computer box coming up next? Hehehehehe ;-) If I say you can sit in LA and listen to New York on AM on it would you buy it? Hey, if it weren't for that darn fibre-optic cable you could dial a number in New York City and get a solid copper wire connection to use as an antenna! :-) |
Ronald wrote:
I enjoy listening to talk radio shows at night but find my current Radio Shack unit lacking. I live in Malibu, CA and would enjoy listening to talk shows out of New York, Chicago and other cities with great hosts. CC Crane offers the Sangean CCRadio Plus for $165 but before spending this much on an AM radio does anyone have first hand experience with it. Is there any real need to spend $165 for an AM radio. First off, you're unlikely to hear anything east of the Rocky Mountains except under rare propagation conditions. Likewise, people in Chicago can't hear LA. The Rockies seem to act as a giant barrier for AM BCB signals, cutting off the West from the East. |
"tommyknocker" wrote in message ... First off, you're unlikely to hear anything east of the Rocky Mountains except under rare propagation conditions. Likewise, people in Chicago can't hear LA. The Rockies seem to act as a giant barrier for AM BCB signals, cutting off the West from the East. From my (former) home in Portland, OR, I could hear fairly regularly KMOX in St. Louis, WWL in New Orleans and KSTP in Minneapolis/St. Paul. No, I never did hear anything any farther east than those. Always good reception, though from TX, OK and points south of there. |
The high and higher mountains behind Malibu, where the originator of this
thread lives, probably don't help, either. Bill, K5BY |
Sorry, you're not going to be able to listen to New York and Chicago
from LA on any AM radio. I hate to say it but your best option is live audio on the internet. There you go, best advice in the whole thread. ;-) -- ^~^~^Monitoring The Spectrum^~^~^~^ *********Hammarlund129X & 140X********** ^^^^^^^^Heathkit Q Multiplier^^^^^^^^^ *~*~++++++GO BEARCATS++++++~*~*~ GE P-780 |
Try a Radio Shack loop antenna (Or C Crane Justice antenna)
That will help . . . Dan, You 'should' know better. NOT for what the original poster was asking. No way. -- ^~^~^Monitoring The Spectrum^~^~^~^ *********Hammarlund129X & 140X********** ^^^^^^^^Heathkit Q Multiplier^^^^^^^^^ *~*~++++++GO BEARCATS++++++~*~*~ GE P-780 |
WShoots1 wrote:
The high and higher mountains behind Malibu, where the originator of this thread lives, probably don't help, either. Bill, K5BY There are differing opinions on whether mountains have any significant effect on MW or HF (shortwave) reception. The ground (soil) conditions may have more influence than the terrain. -----= Posted via Newsfeeds.Com, Uncensored Usenet News =----- http://www.newsfeeds.com - The #1 Newsgroup Service in the World! -----== Over 100,000 Newsgroups - 19 Different Servers! =----- |
There are differing opinions on whether mountains have any significant
effect on MW or HF (shortwave) reception. The ground (soil) conditions may have more influence than the terrain. I cannot disagree with anything you wrote. G It's one of things that make a regular search more meaningful. For starters, he should seek out that 50kw Dallas station, WBAP on 820 kHz, mentioned in another thread. If that blow torch can't be heard in Malibu at night, then the Rockies, if not the closer mountains, will be the boundary for easterly stations. Bill, K5BY |
My best AM DXing came not from the best radio, but from a great antenna. I had approximately 300 feet long-wire running North-south and another 300 feet going east-west. We lived on a bluff so the antennas had clear sky view for almost 360 degrees. I had a tuning box set up so I could tune the effective "direction" and length of the two antennas. In a period of about 2 years, I QSL'ed each western state, all Canadian Provinces (except the Maritimes) and a bunch of east-of-Mississippi ("w") stations. Radios used: Hallicrafters S-38B and a 1959 Rambler permeability tuned car radio. I am getting back into the game with a Sony 7600GR and an old BC-314. Have fun. Steve -- Steven D. Swift, , http://www.novatech-instr.com NOVATECH INSTRUMENTS, INC. P.O. Box 55997 206.301.8986, fax 206.363.4367 Seattle, Washington 98155 USA |
WShoots1 wrote:
There are differing opinions on whether mountains have any significant effect on MW or HF (shortwave) reception. The ground (soil) conditions may have more influence than the terrain. I cannot disagree with anything you wrote. G It's one of things that make a regular search more meaningful. For starters, he should seek out that 50kw Dallas station, WBAP on 820 kHz, mentioned in another thread. If that blow torch can't be heard in Malibu at night, then the Rockies, if not the closer mountains, will be the boundary for easterly stations. Bill, K5BY The mountains might be the geographical boundary but we shouldn't assume they are the actual cause of MW signal attenuation from the west coast at night. Long distance MW propagation at night is mainly via skywave refraction from the ionosphere, just like shortwave. A range of mountains is not going to interfere with what is taking place 50-miles or more above them. This is not the case in the day when MW propagation is primarily via groundwave. Then the mountains may well have an effect. We have to consider the nature of the geology (particularly the soil) west of the mountains and how this may affect MW propagation towards the east at night. -----= Posted via Newsfeeds.Com, Uncensored Usenet News =----- http://www.newsfeeds.com - The #1 Newsgroup Service in the World! -----== Over 100,000 Newsgroups - 19 Different Servers! =----- |
"starman" wrote in message ... The mountains might be the geographical boundary but we shouldn't assume they are the actual cause of MW signal attenuation from the west coast at night. Long distance MW propagation at night is mainly via skywave refraction from the ionosphere, just like shortwave. A range of mountains is not going to interfere with what is taking place 50-miles or more above them. This is not the case in the day when MW propagation is primarily via groundwave. Then the mountains may well have an effect. We have to consider the nature of the geology (particularly the soil) west of the mountains and how this may affect MW propagation towards the east at night. The greatest boundary to bi-coastal AM DX is not geographical at all.. but purposeful. Stations that have high power at night have very directional arrays that protect other stations on the same frequency. Most on the west coast have N-S or similar patterns that keep them from being heard on the east coast. For instance, KOMA (or whatever they are this week) in OKC and KKSN in Portland, OR must protect each other's nighttime coverage. (both are 1520 KHz). An interesting point... I have yet to see a directional array here in the ROK.. and it shows.. at night there are so many stations fighting over any given frequency that it numbs the mind. Most of the winners are Russian and Chinese. I have only ever heard one Japanese MW station here.. |
Brenda Ann wrote:
The greatest boundary to bi-coastal AM DX is not geographical at all.. but purposeful. Stations that have high power at night have very directional arrays that protect other stations on the same frequency. Most on the west coast have N-S or similar patterns that keep them from being heard on the east coast. For instance, KOMA (or whatever they are this week) in OKC and KKSN in Portland, OR must protect each other's nighttime coverage. (both are 1520 KHz). An interesting point... I have yet to see a directional array here in the ROK.. and it shows.. at night there are so many stations fighting over any given frequency that it numbs the mind. Most of the winners are Russian and Chinese. I have only ever heard one Japanese MW station here.. After viewing the following (below) FCC webpage, I do get the impression there are fewer class-ND1, 50-KW unlimited, MW stations on the west coast than in the east. Could that mean it's easier for the west coast to hear the east, than vice versa? http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?state...2=&EW=W&size=9 -----= Posted via Newsfeeds.Com, Uncensored Usenet News =----- http://www.newsfeeds.com - The #1 Newsgroup Service in the World! -----== Over 100,000 Newsgroups - 19 Different Servers! =----- |
BA,
Plus since the 1950s & 1960s the number of 'Regional' non-clear-channel broadcasters have been increased and added to the "Clear Channel" Frequencies. So the result is that here are really no more Coast-to-Coast (Border-to-Border) AM/MW Radio Stations anymore. Your example of the Directional Antennas "DA" used by the West Coast 'clear channel' radio Stations is True. KGO 810 kHz @ 50KW using a "DA" in the SF Bay Area is very strong North and South. But KGO is very 'weak' during the Day and can 'fade' at Night up here in the Sierras (Twain Harte, CA) due East of the SF Bay Area. Some of the Monterey/Santa Cruz Bay Area broadcasters that use 1/10 the power of KGO have better signal up hear during the day. KCBS 740 kHz @ 50KW does NOT use a "DA" in the SF Bay Area is strong North, East and South. During the Day KCBS has a 'fair' signal and at Night the signal is strong. ~ RHF .. .. = = = "Brenda Ann" = = = wrote in message ... "starman" wrote in message ... The greatest boundary to bi-coastal AM DX is not geographical at all.. but purposeful. Stations that have high power at night have very directional arrays that protect other stations on the same frequency. Most on the west coast have N-S or similar patterns that keep them from being heard on the east coast. For instance, KOMA (or whatever they are this week) in OKC and KKSN in Portland, OR must protect each other's nighttime coverage. (both are 1520 KHz). An interesting point... I have yet to see a directional array here in the ROK.. and it shows.. at night there are so many stations fighting over any given frequency that it numbs the mind. Most of the winners are Russian and Chinese. I have only ever heard one Japanese MW station here.. |
"RHF" wrote in message om... KGO 810 kHz @ 50KW using a "DA" in the SF Bay Area is very strong North and South. But KGO is very 'weak' during the Day and can 'fade' at Night up here in the Sierras (Twain Harte, CA) due East of the SF Bay Area. Some of the Monterey/Santa Cruz Bay Area broadcasters that use 1/10 the power of KGO have better signal up hear during the day. Twain Harte... that's up there near Angel's Camp, isn't it? Calaveras County? I was up there on vacation about 5 or 6 years ago.. |
"RHF" wrote in message om... BA, KCBS 740 kHz @ 50KW does NOT use a "DA" in the SF Bay Area is strong North, East and South. During the Day KCBS has a 'fair' signal and at Night the signal is strong. KCBS simply has a different Directional Antenna system. They use 4 towers, with different patters by day and night. Simplified, they have a big null over the 0 to 80 degree arc, protecting the Canadian border. |
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