"Richard Harrison" wrote -

There is no propagation of horizontally polarized groundwaves at
all. The low-angle reflected wave is out of phase with the incident
wave.

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With a groundwaves there is no reflected wave and incident wave to get out
of phase with each other. By definition, it is all in the ground down to
one skin depth.

Very simply, a horizontally polarised groundwave, with its horizontal
current, suffers great attenuation in the loss resistance of the horizontal
ground. It gets launched but after one or two wavelengths it is many
decibels down.

This is the reason why horizontally polarised noise, relatively locally
generated, is smaller than the vertically polarised variety although, on the
average, both are randomly generated with equal amplitudes.

Half of the total noise power is dissipated in the ground except that which
is generated immediately adjacent to your receiving antenna.
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Reg, G4FGQ