Richard Clark wrote:
. . .
Ptolemy also reduced much of his theory of Astronomy and Optics to
geometric construction techniques in many Handbooks and offered scads
of tables of observations - some of which were condemned by Newton:
"[Ptolemy] developed certain astronomical theories and discovered
that they were not consistent with observation. Instead of
abandoning the theories, he deliberately fabricated observations
from the theories so that he could claim that the observations
prove the validity of his theories. In every scientific or
scholarly setting known, this practice is called fraud, and it is
a crime against science and scholarship."
. . .

How ironic! I recall an article in _Scientific American_ many years ago
which presented credible evidence that Newton himself fudged his data.
The author argued, and gave examples to show, that some of Newton's data
were much too accurate and consistent for the techniques and equipment
he used.

Roy Lewallen, W7EL