Reg Edwards wrote:
Frank,

The efficiency formula is incomplete rather than being in error.

In the case of radial systems it could be something like -

Efficiency = Rr / ( Rr + Rradials + Rsoilsurface ) .

When soil resistivity becomes very small, efficiency approaches 100
percent and the error when compared with NEC4 reduces to zero. The
error is therefore a function of soil resistivity.
----
Reg.



So, Rloss = Rradials + Rsoilsurface.

The components of Rloss change depending on the antenna being studied.

But, Efficiency is still % = (Rr/(Rr + Rloss))*100

/s/ DD