"Richard Harrison" wrote in message
...

Kraus writes on page 252 of
his 1950 edition of "Antennas":
"If an emf is applied at the terminals of an antenna A and the current
measured at the terminals of another antenna B, then an equal current
(in both amplitude and phase) will be obtained at the terminals of
antenna A if the same emf is applied to the terminals of antenna B, It
is assumed that the emfs are of the same frequency and that the medium
is linear, passive, and also isotropic."


That is fine and guaranteed in ideal cases or when antennas "see" each
other. But when signals are going through the ionosphere and considerable
distances, things don't jive exactly like that. I had cases when at
particular opening I would receive say OK2 at the lower angle and UA0 at
higher angle, which is not "normal" but on transmit the situation would be
just opposite, indicating that ionosphere (ether :-) would be behaving
differently at the ends of the paths. This definitely was not the result of
the local noise masking signals "explaining" disparity.
Again, I summarized my finding in my article in CQ. I came to the conclusion
that about 60% of propagating is not reciprocal RX vs. TX. That was done
using my stacked Razor antennas. Believe it or not, but that is like person
with reading glasses (dipole) will not see what person with telescope
(Razors) can see.

73 Yuri, www.K3BU.us