Szczepan Bialek,

I think I speak for the collective readership when I say we are
tired of your erroneous arguments about frequency doubling and its
causes.

You evidently have read a little about the Luxembourg effect, but
you failed to read the hundreds of articles available on the
Internet on this subject. I suspect your problem is one of language
and adolescent stubbornness combined.

To make things simple for you, do your search on "Ionospheric Cross
Modulation". This is defined by the IEC (Commission
Electrotechnique Internationale) in their IEC 60050 International
Electrotechnical Vocabulary as:

Ionospheric Cross Modulation, Luxembourg effect —
the modulation of a radio wave by the modulating signal of
another wave having a different frequency, resulting from
NON-LINEAR PHENOMENA in a region of the ionosphere through
which both waves pass.

Or if French is easier for you to read:

Transmodulation Ionosphérique, effet Luxembourg — modulation
d'une onde radioélectrique par le signal modulant d'une autre
onde de fréquence différente, qui résulte D'EFFETS
NON-LINÉAIRES dans une région de l'ionosphère traversée par
les deux ondes.

Note the emphasized words. Non-linearity of the D-layer of the
ionosphere is quite well understood today. In fact, most of the
initial mechanism was known before the Second World War. In the
late 1940's and in the 1950's, theories were improved as different
modes of propagation were studied. Today we find that this
ionospheric cross modulation effect has become a tool to study the
lower ionosphere.

For some good reading on this subject, I suggest reading "An
Introduction to the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere" by John Ashworth
Ratcliffe. Much of this book can be read using Google Book Search.
Another work found on the Web is the PhD dissertation of Mehmet
Kürsad Demirkol from Stanford University
(http://www-star.stanford.edu/~vlf/pu...kolThesis.pdf).
Quoting from his abstract:

Electron density and temperature changes in the D-region are
sensitively manifested as changes in the amplitude and phase
of subionospheric Very Low Frequency (VLF) signals
propagating beneath the perturbed region. Both localized and
large scale disturbances (either in electron density or
temperature) in the D-region cause significant scattering of
VLF waves propagating in the earth-ionosphere waveguide,
leading to measurable changes in the amplitude and phase of
the VLF waves. Large scale auroral disturbances, associated
with intensification of the auroral electrojet, as well as
ionospheric disturbances produced during relativistic
electron enhancements, cause characteristic changes over
relatively long time scales that allow the assessment of the
'ambient' ionosphere. Localized ionospheric disturbances are
also produced by powerful HF transmitting facilities such as
the High Power Auroral Stimulation (HIPAS) facility, the High
frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP*), and also by
lightning discharges. Amplitude and phase changes of VLF
waveguide signals scattered from such artificially heated
ionospheric patches are known to be detectable.

Nowhere in all of the respected literature will you find frequency
doubling caused by the two ends of a dipole. In fact, the end
"balls" of Hertz's experiments were nothing more than capacitance
hats. The experiment would have worked perfectly well without them.

You have pushed the patience to the breaking point of many of this
newsgroup's readers, including some experts far more knowledgeable
in electromagnetics than myself. Expletives from these people,
while certainly deserved, are not needed. Until Szczepan does his
research on ionospheric cross modulation, I suggest that we just
ignore him (or use a killfile).

--
73, Dr. Barry L. Ornitz WA4VZQ


* This group is also not the place to bring up conspiracy theories
involving this research program.