"Reg Edwards" wrote
With multi-hops through the ionosphere there will be reflections
from
the ground between adjacent hops. If there are N hops there will be
N-1 ground reflections.

At each reflection a signal loss is incurred. But the ground is a
variable quantity.

What rule of thumb relating to reflection loss is used by radio
professionals when calculating path loss?

At the back of my mind I have a figure of 5 dB per reflection. Is
this
in the right ball park?

Thank you.
----
Reg.

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It has just occurred to me that the loss due to ground reflections may
be related to the angle at which waves strike the earth. It is the
same angle as the transmit elevation angle and can be quite small.
----
Reg.