Ken Bessler wrote:
Lets assume a single hop 40m signal from 400 miles away. What
elevation angle does it arrive at? Both stations are using inverted V's
at nominal height. There are no large bodies of water in between.

Daytime and/or nighttime.

That chart is in the ARRL Antenna Book. Assuming F2 layer
reflection, the arriving angle is reported to be in excess
of 50 degrees.
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73, Cecil http://www.qsl.net/w5dxp