Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

I hurt my knee, so I have alot of time to spend on this computer right
now. I've been trying to develop skills with Roy's EZNEC. Can you send me
enough data on your concept as I'd need to model it with EZNEC?
Jerry, I am not computor literate in many ways so I dont have the
ability to post a page.
I am trying to do what you ask but it will takes time, I gave a set up
but it did not have any pictures to provide interest for those who have
EZNEC so they didn't try out things.
I will get something that people can look at possibly using EZNEC which
will remove the fear of the unknown from many on this newsgroup.



I missed the point about the unsatisfactory aspects of a Yagi antenna.

Unsatisfactory is really a relative term. I made a 60 to 80 foot yagi
that did a great job in making far off contacts which does get a bit
old after a while. The antenna being long took up the slack in the
rotor when it was windy was something I didn't like. On top of that the
beam width was narrow because of its high gain but if the wind was
going I really wasn't getting the benefit of the extra gain because of
the slack in the pointing methods and ofcourse with such a long length
of antenna it was hard to make corrections over time as we all do with
antennas. So My main requirement to seek was a wide beam with little or
no sacrifice in gain as well as something shorter to prevent my rotor
from taking a beating and most of all I wanted a constant gain over the
band so I wasn't at a disadvantage as I moved around. As I said it is
all relative and if you want to build an antenna just to0 get on the
air it is hard to beat the simplicity of a yagi unless you become to
demanding of its performance.




Is there any similarity between your "cluster" and the Wullenweber" (?sp?)
antenna concept?
No. That antenner is really a driven element in conjunction with a
detune element. The elements are the vertical variety and if only a
single direction of radiation is required then two elements would
suffice. But the military wants to point in all directions and
sometimes wants to scan in all directions so basically instead of
turning a vertically polarised yagi they just align the driven element
with one of the multitude of untuned elelemnt arranged in a circle via
coax and switching methods instead of a very very long yagi swinging
around.


How are you able to measure the resistive component of an antenna's
terminal impedance then seperate it into two parts? You state that one
resistance is related to current below the surface and the other the current
that flows on the top of the surface.

Well that is where the computor comes in, what would take the likes of
me a lifetime to sort out I get a suitable computor program from one of
the clever guys around but you must remember a lot of programs were
designed around the Yagi with the thought it would always remain as the
antenna of choice. There are other programs around that can circumvent
the basic yagi design but it requires more effort and knoweledge and
most of us are old guys
with asn abundance of senior moments.




What frequency band do you do your testing on?? You must have some very
good test equipment.

I do have a lot of equipment but I realise that it is of little use if
you cannot rely on the results you obtain, that is the beauty of
computor programs as most of the human frailties
have been removed.


Is it easy for you to tell me why you want to avoid "reactiveness"?
I thought I had attempted that!

Tell me how I can model your antenna with EZNEC.

No I can't since I am not familiar with it but as I said earlier I am
trying to get an example done with the use of EZNEC which will provide
more meaning to those that are interested
tho I do understand that the spamming warfare will increase from those
who feel all is known about antennas and it is written right infront of
them in their personal books.

New books, authors or new ideas are not necessary anymore to many of
the old timers
Regards
Art


Jerry



"art" wrote in message
oups.com...
Jerh each otherry
What I am doing is to get away from inline coupling of elements. The
Yagi antenna is one of these where all the elements are in line. What I
am doing is to arrange a a bunch of elements in a group or cluster such
that each and all elements couple with each other rather than the the
two elements along side. By doing this and yet making the bunch of
elements resonant on their own as well as being driven by one element
as with the normal antenna you have to make changes in either the
length, dia or material of each element to compensate for all the other
factors implanted on them by the proximity of all the other elements in
the bunch or cluster. When this is done correctly the bunch of elements
are in equilibrium with each other and where each element impedance is
devoid or has reactance minimised. The reason for this aproach is the
two resistances that you encounter are the resistance of the material
used for the element which is where the current flows below the surface
and the radiation resistance which is from the current that flows on
top of the surface
to produce radiation. Since it is radiation that we are concerned with
only true resistance is of importance and where reactiveness in the
impedances provide no benefit to radiation.
The bottom line is that we want to avoid reactivenes whereas the yagi
by coupling elements
that are untuned or not resonant promotes reactiveness. An example of
what this reactiveness does to an array is to make the value curves for
gain, back to front and swr all peaking at different frequencies where
as the ideal arrangement is to have all the curves peak near the same
frequency so that when using the antenna across the band you have a
fairly consistent gain figure instead of having to cut it at the high
or low end of the band in a compromising effort. When building such an
array you take advantage of height in the turning radius of the beam
since you dont have to place all elements in a single line as with a
yagi which imposes limits on antenna length. by utilising height of the
array you can have a smaller rotating radius with the same gain of a
yagi with a larger turning radius together with a bandwidth with
smoothed variables.
Hope that helps and clears some of the mystery away from clustered
arrays. This aproach by the way also applies to vertical arrays from
which you can get horizontal, vertical and circular radiation where
each has its special place of use. Use of academic terms was only
provided because some academics don't like change and want to see the
same things they see in books and for some reason were taught that talk
of statics in the same room as electromagnetics is blasphamy yet they
cannot bring forward anything in the books that say they are totally
separable. By the way I mentioned Nagy where as it should have been
Brown who did so much in recent years in broadcasting and T.V.
Have fun with antennas and don't get intimidated by those who learned
things in College only to memorise and pass exams instead of using
knoweledge to advance the quality of life.
Best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very complex thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You apparently
expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
When I did work as an antenna design engineer, years ago, I saw some of
my
buddies working on the distribution of energy across apertures in an
effort
to shape beams. One of their considerations was to decrease the power
to
the elements as they were more distant from the center of the array. I
remember reading that when the power is tapered to provide a distribution
about equivalent to a Gaussian Distribution, the side lobes were minimal.

I really enjoy thinking about real antenna construction projects.
but,
when it gets to the Maxwell's Equation kind of analysis, I get lost. I
dont
even know what a Vector is.
You may have the wrong impression about me, Art, I'm an old guy who
wants
to have fun with antennas. It isnt necessary for you to tell me to "get
back
to basics". I dont have interest in the "basics" you refer to.

Is it possible for you to tell us (me) what you are referring to
without
referring to Vectors, Gauss's law, Lorentz, "Nagi", and even elementary
calculus? Frankly, Art, you confuse me when you write such scholarly
paragraphs. You and I are so far removed from each other intellectually
that I can never keep up with your texts.

Jerry


"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry, get back to basics and look up a conservative field relative to
Gaussian law.
Step 1
It is a group of electric charges with an addition vector of zero. So
move backwards and remove that vector if you wish and you have a
gaussian field of electrical charges which in the case of a bunch of
resonant elements can be seen as all positive or all negative charges
and we also know that Gaussian law is valid even for enclosed charges
in motion.

Step 2 The vector that we removed is known as curl but at this time nit
has no valu is the samee tho the vector direction is known.
Step 3 Faraday's law of Induced electromotive force. This is somewhat
opposite to the consevative field in terms of rotation but in relative
terms it where the consevative field is revolving around a magnetic
field ( hopefully you can visualise this) So we have a charge q in an
element of length ds, which element, at the instant considered has
velocity u,experiences a force. Now I know some have difficulty with
what I said earlier with respect to adding " at an instant of time) to
Gausses law which is the same length of time referred to above as " at
the instant considered "

Gtep 4 We then examine Lorentz equation which refers to an induced
electric field which is present when, for example the magnetic field is
changing with time such that
v1 = 1/q integral F.ds. You can now see that any CONSERVATIVE force
that might be included in F would integrate to zero thus ommiting any
electrostatic field that might be present Note again faradays law, it
is valid regardloess of the nature of the factor or factors responsible
for change in magnetic flux. So now the overview of the cluster of
resonant elements projected a conservative field with a magnetic vector
of zero reflecting" an instant of time" with respect to resonant
elements and where the magnetic field will provide
motion to the electrostatic field where all charges will exibit the
same direction of charge and will change in unison

Now no amount of writing will get you to understand this flow of
concept if you are not willing to have an open mind or think around
something that at the present time you fail to understand and are not
willing to rethink thing, possibly in a different way than I presented
it.

If you are so inclined you can go back further in history and play with
the 4 vertical array of elements formed by Nagi to obtain possible
insights since he also worked with an array of vertical elements all of
which were resonant. His work has been rechecked via Matlab and found
to be correct so you have a viable path to follow if you have a modicom
of interest in this new concept. It must be noted that the above is
only a partial description of the concept
because I have yet to add a detuned element for directional purposes
for the radiation field.

There is nothing more that I can add that will persuade you to follow
thru with this concept
so I believe I have now reached the Rubicon with respect to this vision
of mine. If you can't understand it now put it down to me not being
smart enough to explain clearly electromagnetics to those skilled in
the art which I am now finding to be a hopeless task at least here in
the U.S. unless one can read it in a book and memorise it so one can
pass an exam..
Art








Jerry Martes wrote:
"JIMMIE" wrote in message
ups.com...

Dave wrote:
"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
In the thread Rain static I referred to a closed surface which is
clearly
defined by Gauss's law.

Gauss's law doesn't define a surface, the surface is any arbitrary
surface
surrounding a charge.

Let us now look at a time vary field applied to

a dielectric. I fht efield is applied for the shortest of time
the
charges
will stay on the surface. If time is longer than the shortest
space
of
time

you make it sound like there is some 'shortest' time where charges
won't
move. this is not true. no matter how short you make the time it
will
move
the charges.

then charges will openetrate the closed surface. If the surface
is
an
insulator type then it takes a long while to penetrate but if the
surface

Here you mix up 'surface' and 'surface'. the gauss's law 'surface'
is
a
mathematically useful construction around a charge, it does not
have
any
charge 'on' it, nor is there any 'penetration' of it by charge in
gauss's
law. it is strictly a non-material thing that is used only for
calculation
purposes.

is a good conductor then the charges will penetrate very quickly
so
we can associate the time constant of penetration to the subject
of
skin depth. If we are to associate the time varying field to a
gaussian field

you have yet to define a 'gaussian field'. gauss's law applies to
electric
fields and their relation to charges.

all the excess charges must be on the surface by law.

only in a 'perfect' conductor. dielectrics and 'empty' space can
have
distributed charges throughout.

Or in other words
the time evolved must be shorter than the time required to begin
penetration.

huh? it just goes down hill from here. write some equations, do
some
drawings, publish a manuscript. all the rest is empty handwaving
based
on
incorrect assumptions and missing definitions.

Thus for a short space of time all charges are on the surface and
the
charges
have a magnhe radiating eneetic and electric field vectors. Just
having
charges is not enough to convert to a gaussian field in that a
gaussian
field must be in equilibrium thus a cluster of elements
must have the direction of the surface charges change in unison.
For
a
cluster of elements to do this they must all be resonant such
that
the
charges reach the ends of the elements at the same time.
Resonance
of
an element is determined by its diameter and its length and
because
it
is coupled to other elements in the cluster the coupling must be
taken
into account to secure resonance of not only the individual
elements
but of the cluster as a whole. When this is accomplished the
charges
on
the surface of the closed volume are in equilibrium but onty for
that
shortest of short time and where that time is added to the
gaussian
formulae for the transition to be complete. For the Gaussian
field
or
volume we can say the energy inside the gaussian field is equal
to
that
supplied by flux to the outside of the border and remember the
flux
inside consists of magnetic and electric vectoirs. We now can say
that
in a moment of time the flux produced from each element that
breaches
the border in summation with the other elements is equal to the
radiating field outside of the border when each element energy
makes
the transmittion. Thus the summation of each of the clustered
elements
individual energy when the vectors are given a value
must equal the flux on the outside of the border that produces
radiation. We also know that if we have a cluster of elements
that
are
clustered together we can obtain radiation by just applying a
time
varing field to just one of the elements and by virtue of
intercoupling
all the radiating energy
will leave the near field. Thus we have two different methods of
determining the value of the radiated field
! radiation from the clustered within a Gaussian field and
2 radiation from an array of coupled elements
Since the elements within the cluster are all of the same "Q'"
the
determination of all factors
in the resulting equation are simplified to Ohms law and where
the
laborious coupling calculations
are omitted. The above describes in first principles as to how a
Gaussian field in a short space of time can be equated to a
radiating
cluster using existing laws of the masters which also embraces
NEC
code. Now many have said I have no understanding of radiation
concepts
so go ahead and tear this apart and have a merry Xmas doing it
Art Unwin KB9MZ..........XG


It appears Art has picked up some phrases haphazardly and is trying
to
apply them to antennas some how, If I remember correctly doesnt
Gaussian field apply to statistical distribution. Been a long time
since I had statistical analysis back in the early 70s but I think
this
is also refered to as a "normal distribution".

Hi Jimmy

By my standards, you are *Right On* on all you wrote. I'm pretty
sure
Gaussian distribution of power across a radiating plane results
(theoretically) in zero side lobes, That is also a very poor
distribution
when gain is a goal. I think the term Normal is synonymous with
Gaussian
when referring to aperture distribution.

Jerry

Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

Hi Art

I have to tell you that I am beginning to loose interest in this thread.
I read about "equilibrium" and began to wonder what that meant in a
discussion about a cluster of radiators. Then, when you explained
equilibrium in terms of balloons, ball bearings and sweat, I began to
wonder if you are pulling my leg.

Now, I really feel like a guy who went snipe hunting and got left out
alone all night. You are playing with me, aren't you?? I asked for data
and dimensions so I could work *with* you to better understand your
"Cluster"
You reply to my request for information with sentences like this --

Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than the
forward direction envisioned.


If your goal is to show that I am too stupid to know when I am being
tricked, you won.

Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ps.com...
Jerry,
Let me take the opportunity of explaning the term equilibrium in a
folksy sort of way
to give you a better idea or insight to what it is really about.
Basicaly when we talk of equilibrium we are talking about things that
are somehow bound together. You often see in antenna books the squeezed
ballon to show how energy is pushed from the rear to the front of the
antenna, in that case the balloon is reacting or holding back the
pressure inside the balloon so you can see in that case that the inside
is in equilibrium by virtue of the holding power of the balloon.
Another way of looking at equyilibrium is by placing a bunch of
magnetised ball bearings that no matter how you juggle with them they
stay together but you can't see any bag holding them together. Well in
this case it is the magnetic energy holding things together instead of
gravity taking over and pulling them apart one after the other. So how
can we use this equilibrium glue thing when dealing with antennas? well
you can see now that equoilibrium is really a stand off in forces, two
people pushing against each other yet nothing is moving yet it is
evident by the sweat that both men are working hard. Same way with the
balloon that is holding all that radiation energy together and where
the balloon is applying pressure on the energy inside of the balloon
and like two men pushing there is no movement going on. If the balloon
weakens somewhere you will see that the balloon will swoosh away in an
undetermined direction but wait a minite if it is radiation energy we
would sure like to push it all in the forward direction for maximum
gain. So if we have a bunch of resonant elements in equilibrium
containing the means for radiation we have to find a method of
providing the break in a ideal position so that the innards are
directed the same way. Well what we do with the bunch of radiating
elements that are in equilibrium is to place another element into the
bunch that is not resonant like it doesn't belong. What we find by
doing thid is that all the radiation energy will swirl around striving
to get to the weak part remembering that it is only when the energy
escapes thru the hole can it start to produce a electrical and magnetic
field which creates radiation , where as with a yagi the near field is
produced immediatly the driven energy is provided and where the fields
generate new field around each element it meets on its journey. So with
equilibrium we can break it at any place we want to to provide
directivenes where as with a yagi the radiation begins to start forming
even tho it is being directed in many different directions. Naturally
you can see the advantages of energy going in a single direction versus
energy being bounced around
until it sees daylight. So back to the beginning we have a bunch of
elements that are resonant inside a surface like a balloon where if
energy is applied to one of the elements it is sharedf with the other
ele4ments immediatly without commensing the radiation trail and by
placing a detuned element in the cluster we can chose the directiopn
than the energy of each element takes and where it follows its
predessesor in releasing its radiative energy.
Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than the
forward direction envisioned. The next person to come along will
address this problem I am sure once presentented with the incentive
that this new concept provides. No miricals but one step forward makes
all things possible
Regards
Art
art wrote:
Jerh each otherry
What I am doing is to get away from inline coupling of elements. The
Yagi antenna is one of these where all the elements are in line. What I
am doing is to arrange a a bunch of elements in a group or cluster such
that each and all elements couple with each other rather than the the
two elements along side. By doing this and yet making the bunch of
elements resonant on their own as well as being driven by one element
as with the normal antenna you have to make changes in either the
length, dia or material of each element to compensate for all the other
factors implanted on them by the proximity of all the other elements in
the bunch or cluster. When this is done correctly the bunch of elements
are in equilibrium with each other and where each element impedance is
devoid or has reactance minimised. The reason for this aproach is the
two resistances that you encounter are the resistance of the material
used for the element which is where the current flows below the surface
and the radiation resistance which is from the current that flows on
top of the surface
to produce radiation. Since it is radiation that we are concerned with
only true resistance is of importance and where reactiveness in the
impedances provide no benefit to radiation.
The bottom line is that we want to avoid reactivenes whereas the yagi
by coupling elements
that are untuned or not resonant promotes reactiveness. An example of
what this reactiveness does to an array is to make the value curves for
gain, back to front and swr all peaking at different frequencies where
as the ideal arrangement is to have all the curves peak near the same
frequency so that when using the antenna across the band you have a
fairly consistent gain figure instead of having to cut it at the high
or low end of the band in a compromising effort. When building such an
array you take advantage of height in the turning radius of the beam
since you dont have to place all elements in a single line as with a
yagi which imposes limits on antenna length. by utilising height of the
array you can have a smaller rotating radius with the same gain of a
yagi with a larger turning radius together with a bandwidth with
smoothed variables.
Hope that helps and clears some of the mystery away from clustered
arrays. This aproach by the way also applies to vertical arrays from
which you can get horizontal, vertical and circular radiation where
each has its special place of use. Use of academic terms was only
provided because some academics don't like change and want to see the
same things they see in books and for some reason were taught that talk
of statics in the same room as electromagnetics is blasphamy yet they
cannot bring forward anything in the books that say they are totally
separable. By the way I mentioned Nagy where as it should have been
Brown who did so much in recent years in broadcasting and T.V.
Have fun with antennas and don't get intimidated by those who learned
things in College only to memorise and pass exams instead of using
knoweledge to advance the quality of life.
Best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very complex
thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You apparently
expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
When I did work as an antenna design engineer, years ago, I saw some
of my
buddies working on the distribution of energy across apertures in an
effort
to shape beams. One of their considerations was to decrease the power
to
the elements as they were more distant from the center of the array. I
remember reading that when the power is tapered to provide a
distribution
about equivalent to a Gaussian Distribution, the side lobes were
minimal.

I really enjoy thinking about real antenna construction projects.
but,
when it gets to the Maxwell's Equation kind of analysis, I get lost. I
dont
even know what a Vector is.
You may have the wrong impression about me, Art, I'm an old guy who
wants
to have fun with antennas. It isnt necessary for you to tell me to "get
back
to basics". I dont have interest in the "basics" you refer to.

Is it possible for you to tell us (me) what you are referring to
without
referring to Vectors, Gauss's law, Lorentz, "Nagi", and even elementary
calculus? Frankly, Art, you confuse me when you write such scholarly
paragraphs. You and I are so far removed from each other
intellectually
that I can never keep up with your texts.

Jerry


"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry, get back to basics and look up a conservative field relative
to
Gaussian law.
Step 1
It is a group of electric charges with an addition vector of zero. So
move backwards and remove that vector if you wish and you have a
gaussian field of electrical charges which in the case of a bunch of
resonant elements can be seen as all positive or all negative charges
and we also know that Gaussian law is valid even for enclosed charges
in motion.

Step 2 The vector that we removed is known as curl but at this time
nit
has no valu is the samee tho the vector direction is known.
Step 3 Faraday's law of Induced electromotive force. This is somewhat
opposite to the consevative field in terms of rotation but in
relative
terms it where the consevative field is revolving around a magnetic
field ( hopefully you can visualise this) So we have a charge q in an
element of length ds, which element, at the instant considered has
velocity u,experiences a force. Now I know some have difficulty with
what I said earlier with respect to adding " at an instant of time)
to
Gausses law which is the same length of time referred to above as "
at
the instant considered "

Gtep 4 We then examine Lorentz equation which refers to an induced
electric field which is present when, for example the magnetic field
is
changing with time such that
v1 = 1/q integral F.ds. You can now see that any CONSERVATIVE force
that might be included in F would integrate to zero thus ommiting any
electrostatic field that might be present Note again faradays law, it
is valid regardloess of the nature of the factor or factors
responsible
for change in magnetic flux. So now the overview of the cluster of
resonant elements projected a conservative field with a magnetic
vector
of zero reflecting" an instant of time" with respect to resonant
elements and where the magnetic field will provide
motion to the electrostatic field where all charges will exibit the
same direction of charge and will change in unison

Now no amount of writing will get you to understand this flow of
concept if you are not willing to have an open mind or think around
something that at the present time you fail to understand and are not
willing to rethink thing, possibly in a different way than I
presented
it.

If you are so inclined you can go back further in history and play
with
the 4 vertical array of elements formed by Nagi to obtain possible
insights since he also worked with an array of vertical elements all
of
which were resonant. His work has been rechecked via Matlab and found
to be correct so you have a viable path to follow if you have a
modicom
of interest in this new concept. It must be noted that the above is
only a partial description of the concept
because I have yet to add a detuned element for directional purposes
for the radiation field.

There is nothing more that I can add that will persuade you to follow
thru with this concept
so I believe I have now reached the Rubicon with respect to this
vision
of mine. If you can't understand it now put it down to me not being
smart enough to explain clearly electromagnetics to those skilled in
the art which I am now finding to be a hopeless task at least here in
the U.S. unless one can read it in a book and memorise it so one can
pass an exam..
Art








Jerry Martes wrote:
"JIMMIE" wrote in message
ups.com...

Dave wrote:
"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
In the thread Rain static I referred to a closed surface which
is
clearly
defined by Gauss's law.

Gauss's law doesn't define a surface, the surface is any
arbitrary
surface
surrounding a charge.

Let us now look at a time vary field applied to

a dielectric. I fht efield is applied for the shortest of time
the
charges
will stay on the surface. If time is longer than the shortest
space
of
time

you make it sound like there is some 'shortest' time where
charges
won't
move. this is not true. no matter how short you make the time it
will
move
the charges.

then charges will openetrate the closed surface. If the surface
is
an
insulator type then it takes a long while to penetrate but if
the
surface

Here you mix up 'surface' and 'surface'. the gauss's law
'surface' is
a
mathematically useful construction around a charge, it does not
have
any
charge 'on' it, nor is there any 'penetration' of it by charge in
gauss's
law. it is strictly a non-material thing that is used only for
calculation
purposes.

is a good conductor then the charges will penetrate very
quickly so
we can associate the time constant of penetration to the
subject of
skin depth. If we are to associate the time varying field to a
gaussian field

you have yet to define a 'gaussian field'. gauss's law applies
to
electric
fields and their relation to charges.

all the excess charges must be on the surface by law.

only in a 'perfect' conductor. dielectrics and 'empty' space can
have
distributed charges throughout.

Or in other words
the time evolved must be shorter than the time required to
begin
penetration.

huh? it just goes down hill from here. write some equations, do
some
drawings, publish a manuscript. all the rest is empty handwaving
based
on
incorrect assumptions and missing definitions.

Thus for a short space of time all charges are on the surface
and
the
charges
have a magnhe radiating eneetic and electric field vectors.
Just
having
charges is not enough to convert to a gaussian field in that a
gaussian
field must be in equilibrium thus a cluster of elements
must have the direction of the surface charges change in
unison. For
a
cluster of elements to do this they must all be resonant such
that
the
charges reach the ends of the elements at the same time.
Resonance
of
an element is determined by its diameter and its length and
because
it
is coupled to other elements in the cluster the coupling must
be
taken
into account to secure resonance of not only the individual
elements
but of the cluster as a whole. When this is accomplished the
charges
on
the surface of the closed volume are in equilibrium but onty
for
that
shortest of short time and where that time is added to the
gaussian
formulae for the transition to be complete. For the Gaussian
field
or
volume we can say the energy inside the gaussian field is equal
to
that
supplied by flux to the outside of the border and remember the
flux
inside consists of magnetic and electric vectoirs. We now can
say
that
in a moment of time the flux produced from each element that
breaches
the border in summation with the other elements is equal to the
radiating field outside of the border when each element energy
makes
the transmittion. Thus the summation of each of the clustered
elements
individual energy when the vectors are given a value
must equal the flux on the outside of the border that produces
radiation. We also know that if we have a cluster of elements
that
are
clustered together we can obtain radiation by just applying a
time
varing field to just one of the elements and by virtue of
intercoupling
all the radiating energy
will leave the near field. Thus we have two different methods
of
determining the value of the radiated field
! radiation from the clustered within a Gaussian field and
2 radiation from an array of coupled elements
Since the elements within the cluster are all of the same "Q'"
the
determination of all factors
in the resulting equation are simplified to Ohms law and where
the
laborious coupling calculations
are omitted. The above describes in first principles as to how
a
Gaussian field in a short space of time can be equated to a
radiating
cluster using existing laws of the masters which also embraces
NEC
code. Now many have said I have no understanding of radiation
concepts
so go ahead and tear this apart and have a merry Xmas doing it
Art Unwin KB9MZ..........XG


It appears Art has picked up some phrases haphazardly and is
trying to
apply them to antennas some how, If I remember correctly doesnt
Gaussian field apply to statistical distribution. Been a long time
since I had statistical analysis back in the early 70s but I think
this
is also refered to as a "normal distribution".

Hi Jimmy

By my standards, you are *Right On* on all you wrote. I'm pretty
sure
Gaussian distribution of power across a radiating plane results
(theoretically) in zero side lobes, That is also a very poor
distribution
when gain is a goal. I think the term Normal is synonymous with
Gaussian
when referring to aperture distribution.

Jerry

Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

No Jerry You couldn't be more wrong. I am not talking down to you
I am responding in a way that didn't involve technical terms but
evolved
around the every day world. I could have quoted the law of every
action has an equal and opposite reaction but I didn't think that
fitted in with your request. Some people measure work as being the
amount moved rather than the release of energy so I wanted to portray
an amount of contained energy or potential energy which when allowed
escapes the hold of equilibrium so the radiation process can start. I
used the magnetised bearing to follow up where the retaining surface
was not visible but still there as a magnetic field. I don't know of
another way of explaining it unless I want to be preyed apon by spam.
Jerry I am sharing things so people can participate in my journey. You
must know I am very interested in what I am pursueing otherwise I would
have just collapsed in the face of the naysayers. if you wish to pursue
my line of thought but are concerned how others view you then keep
everything to a private Email. It does not serve me well to make
enemies in this group if my idea is to debate my thought though some do
enjoy the thinking that the result elevates their iwn status and you
learn to live with that. I responded to you in a lengthy dialogue which
was in kind with your request which did not provide animosity of any
sort which provided me the impetus to respond in the same manner. Jerry
you haven't attacked me
you were polite so have a rethink about this debate, I am sharing not
taking
Very best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

I have to tell you that I am beginning to loose interest in this thread.
I read about "equilibrium" and began to wonder what that meant in a
discussion about a cluster of radiators. Then, when you explained
equilibrium in terms of balloons, ball bearings and sweat, I began to
wonder if you are pulling my leg.

Now, I really feel like a guy who went snipe hunting and got left out
alone all night. You are playing with me, aren't you?? I asked for data
and dimensions so I could work *with* you to better understand your
"Cluster"
You reply to my request for information with sentences like this --

Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than the
forward direction envisioned.


If your goal is to show that I am too stupid to know when I am being
tricked, you won.

Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ps.com...
Jerry,
Let me take the opportunity of explaning the term equilibrium in a
folksy sort of way
to give you a better idea or insight to what it is really about.
Basicaly when we talk of equilibrium we are talking about things that
are somehow bound together. You often see in antenna books the squeezed
ballon to show how energy is pushed from the rear to the front of the
antenna, in that case the balloon is reacting or holding back the
pressure inside the balloon so you can see in that case that the inside
is in equilibrium by virtue of the holding power of the balloon.
Another way of looking at equyilibrium is by placing a bunch of
magnetised ball bearings that no matter how you juggle with them they
stay together but you can't see any bag holding them together. Well in
this case it is the magnetic energy holding things together instead of
gravity taking over and pulling them apart one after the other. So how
can we use this equilibrium glue thing when dealing with antennas? well
you can see now that equoilibrium is really a stand off in forces, two
people pushing against each other yet nothing is moving yet it is
evident by the sweat that both men are working hard. Same way with the
balloon that is holding all that radiation energy together and where
the balloon is applying pressure on the energy inside of the balloon
and like two men pushing there is no movement going on. If the balloon
weakens somewhere you will see that the balloon will swoosh away in an
undetermined direction but wait a minite if it is radiation energy we
would sure like to push it all in the forward direction for maximum
gain. So if we have a bunch of resonant elements in equilibrium
containing the means for radiation we have to find a method of
providing the break in a ideal position so that the innards are
directed the same way. Well what we do with the bunch of radiating
elements that are in equilibrium is to place another element into the
bunch that is not resonant like it doesn't belong. What we find by
doing thid is that all the radiation energy will swirl around striving
to get to the weak part remembering that it is only when the energy
escapes thru the hole can it start to produce a electrical and magnetic
field which creates radiation , where as with a yagi the near field is
produced immediatly the driven energy is provided and where the fields
generate new field around each element it meets on its journey. So with
equilibrium we can break it at any place we want to to provide
directivenes where as with a yagi the radiation begins to start forming
even tho it is being directed in many different directions. Naturally
you can see the advantages of energy going in a single direction versus
energy being bounced around
until it sees daylight. So back to the beginning we have a bunch of
elements that are resonant inside a surface like a balloon where if
energy is applied to one of the elements it is sharedf with the other
ele4ments immediatly without commensing the radiation trail and by
placing a detuned element in the cluster we can chose the directiopn
than the energy of each element takes and where it follows its
predessesor in releasing its radiative energy.
Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than the
forward direction envisioned. The next person to come along will
address this problem I am sure once presentented with the incentive
that this new concept provides. No miricals but one step forward makes
all things possible
Regards
Art
art wrote:
Jerh each otherry
What I am doing is to get away from inline coupling of elements. The
Yagi antenna is one of these where all the elements are in line. What I
am doing is to arrange a a bunch of elements in a group or cluster such
that each and all elements couple with each other rather than the the
two elements along side. By doing this and yet making the bunch of
elements resonant on their own as well as being driven by one element
as with the normal antenna you have to make changes in either the
length, dia or material of each element to compensate for all the other
factors implanted on them by the proximity of all the other elements in
the bunch or cluster. When this is done correctly the bunch of elements
are in equilibrium with each other and where each element impedance is
devoid or has reactance minimised. The reason for this aproach is the
two resistances that you encounter are the resistance of the material
used for the element which is where the current flows below the surface
and the radiation resistance which is from the current that flows on
top of the surface
to produce radiation. Since it is radiation that we are concerned with
only true resistance is of importance and where reactiveness in the
impedances provide no benefit to radiation.
The bottom line is that we want to avoid reactivenes whereas the yagi
by coupling elements
that are untuned or not resonant promotes reactiveness. An example of
what this reactiveness does to an array is to make the value curves for
gain, back to front and swr all peaking at different frequencies where
as the ideal arrangement is to have all the curves peak near the same
frequency so that when using the antenna across the band you have a
fairly consistent gain figure instead of having to cut it at the high
or low end of the band in a compromising effort. When building such an
array you take advantage of height in the turning radius of the beam
since you dont have to place all elements in a single line as with a
yagi which imposes limits on antenna length. by utilising height of the
array you can have a smaller rotating radius with the same gain of a
yagi with a larger turning radius together with a bandwidth with
smoothed variables.
Hope that helps and clears some of the mystery away from clustered
arrays. This aproach by the way also applies to vertical arrays from
which you can get horizontal, vertical and circular radiation where
each has its special place of use. Use of academic terms was only
provided because some academics don't like change and want to see the
same things they see in books and for some reason were taught that talk
of statics in the same room as electromagnetics is blasphamy yet they
cannot bring forward anything in the books that say they are totally
separable. By the way I mentioned Nagy where as it should have been
Brown who did so much in recent years in broadcasting and T.V.
Have fun with antennas and don't get intimidated by those who learned
things in College only to memorise and pass exams instead of using
knoweledge to advance the quality of life.
Best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very complex
thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You apparently
expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
When I did work as an antenna design engineer, years ago, I saw some
of my
buddies working on the distribution of energy across apertures in an
effort
to shape beams. One of their considerations was to decrease the power
to
the elements as they were more distant from the center of the array. I
remember reading that when the power is tapered to provide a
distribution
about equivalent to a Gaussian Distribution, the side lobes were
minimal.

I really enjoy thinking about real antenna construction projects.
but,
when it gets to the Maxwell's Equation kind of analysis, I get lost. I
dont
even know what a Vector is.
You may have the wrong impression about me, Art, I'm an old guy who
wants
to have fun with antennas. It isnt necessary for you to tell me to "get
back
to basics". I dont have interest in the "basics" you refer to.

Is it possible for you to tell us (me) what you are referring to
without
referring to Vectors, Gauss's law, Lorentz, "Nagi", and even elementary
calculus? Frankly, Art, you confuse me when you write such scholarly
paragraphs. You and I are so far removed from each other
intellectually
that I can never keep up with your texts.

Jerry


"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry, get back to basics and look up a conservative field relative
to
Gaussian law.
Step 1
It is a group of electric charges with an addition vector of zero. So
move backwards and remove that vector if you wish and you have a
gaussian field of electrical charges which in the case of a bunch of
resonant elements can be seen as all positive or all negative charges
and we also know that Gaussian law is valid even for enclosed charges
in motion.

Step 2 The vector that we removed is known as curl but at this time
nit
has no valu is the samee tho the vector direction is known.
Step 3 Faraday's law of Induced electromotive force. This is somewhat
opposite to the consevative field in terms of rotation but in
relative
terms it where the consevative field is revolving around a magnetic
field ( hopefully you can visualise this) So we have a charge q in an
element of length ds, which element, at the instant considered has
velocity u,experiences a force. Now I know some have difficulty with
what I said earlier with respect to adding " at an instant of time)
to
Gausses law which is the same length of time referred to above as "
at
the instant considered "

Gtep 4 We then examine Lorentz equation which refers to an induced
electric field which is present when, for example the magnetic field
is
changing with time such that
v1 = 1/q integral F.ds. You can now see that any CONSERVATIVE force
that might be included in F would integrate to zero thus ommiting any
electrostatic field that might be present Note again faradays law, it
is valid regardloess of the nature of the factor or factors
responsible
for change in magnetic flux. So now the overview of the cluster of
resonant elements projected a conservative field with a magnetic
vector
of zero reflecting" an instant of time" with respect to resonant
elements and where the magnetic field will provide
motion to the electrostatic field where all charges will exibit the
same direction of charge and will change in unison

Now no amount of writing will get you to understand this flow of
concept if you are not willing to have an open mind or think around
something that at the present time you fail to understand and are not
willing to rethink thing, possibly in a different way than I
presented
it.

If you are so inclined you can go back further in history and play
with
the 4 vertical array of elements formed by Nagi to obtain possible
insights since he also worked with an array of vertical elements all
of
which were resonant. His work has been rechecked via Matlab and found
to be correct so you have a viable path to follow if you have a
modicom
of interest in this new concept. It must be noted that the above is
only a partial description of the concept
because I have yet to add a detuned element for directional purposes
for the radiation field.

There is nothing more that I can add that will persuade you to follow
thru with this concept
so I believe I have now reached the Rubicon with respect to this
vision
of mine. If you can't understand it now put it down to me not being
smart enough to explain clearly electromagnetics to those skilled in
the art which I am now finding to be a hopeless task at least here in
the U.S. unless one can read it in a book and memorise it so one can
pass an exam..
Art








Jerry Martes wrote:
"JIMMIE" wrote in message
ups.com...

Dave wrote:
"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
In the thread Rain static I referred to a closed surface which
is
clearly
defined by Gauss's law.

Gauss's law doesn't define a surface, the surface is any
arbitrary
surface
surrounding a charge.

Let us now look at a time vary field applied to

a dielectric. I fht efield is applied for the shortest of time
the
charges
will stay on the surface. If time is longer than the shortest
space
of
time

you make it sound like there is some 'shortest' time where
charges
won't
move. this is not true. no matter how short you make the time it
will
move
the charges.

then charges will openetrate the closed surface. If the surface
is
an
insulator type then it takes a long while to penetrate but if
the
surface

Here you mix up 'surface' and 'surface'. the gauss's law
'surface' is
a
mathematically useful construction around a charge, it does not
have
any
charge 'on' it, nor is there any 'penetration' of it by charge in
gauss's
law. it is strictly a non-material thing that is used only for
calculation
purposes.

is a good conductor then the charges will penetrate very
quickly so
we can associate the time constant of penetration to the
subject of
skin depth. If we are to associate the time varying field to a
gaussian field

you have yet to define a 'gaussian field'. gauss's law applies
to
electric
fields and their relation to charges.

all the excess charges must be on the surface by law.

only in a 'perfect' conductor. dielectrics and 'empty' space can
have
distributed charges throughout.

Or in other words
the time evolved must be shorter than the time required to
begin
penetration.

huh? it just goes down hill from here. write some equations, do
some
drawings, publish a manuscript. all the rest is empty handwaving
based
on
incorrect assumptions and missing definitions.

Thus for a short space of time all charges are on the surface
and
the
charges
have a magnhe radiating eneetic and electric field vectors.
Just
having
charges is not enough to convert to a gaussian field in that a
gaussian
field must be in equilibrium thus a cluster of elements
must have the direction of the surface charges change in
unison. For
a
cluster of elements to do this they must all be resonant such
that
the
charges reach the ends of the elements at the same time.
Resonance
of
an element is determined by its diameter and its length and
because
it
is coupled to other elements in the cluster the coupling must
be
taken
into account to secure resonance of not only the individual
elements
but of the cluster as a whole. When this is accomplished the
charges
on
the surface of the closed volume are in equilibrium but onty
for
that
shortest of short time and where that time is added to the
gaussian
formulae for the transition to be complete. For the Gaussian
field
or
volume we can say the energy inside the gaussian field is equal
to
that
supplied by flux to the outside of the border and remember the
flux
inside consists of magnetic and electric vectoirs. We now can
say
that
in a moment of time the flux produced from each element that
breaches
the border in summation with the other elements is equal to the
radiating field outside of the border when each element energy
makes
the transmittion. Thus the summation of each of the clustered
elements
individual energy when the vectors are given a value
must equal the flux on the outside of the border that produces
radiation. We also know that if we have a cluster of elements
that
are
clustered together we can obtain radiation by just applying a
time
varing field to just one of the elements and by virtue of
intercoupling
all the radiating energy
will leave the near field. Thus we have two different methods
of
determining the value of the radiated field
! radiation from the clustered within a Gaussian field and
2 radiation from an array of coupled elements
Since the elements within the cluster are all of the same "Q'"
the
determination of all factors
in the resulting equation are simplified to Ohms law and where
the
laborious coupling calculations
are omitted. The above describes in first principles as to how
a
Gaussian field in a short space of time can be equated to a
radiating
cluster using existing laws of the masters which also embraces
NEC
code. Now many have said I have no understanding of radiation
concepts
so go ahead and tear this apart and have a merry Xmas doing it
Art Unwin KB9MZ..........XG


It appears Art has picked up some phrases haphazardly and is
trying to
apply them to antennas some how, If I remember correctly doesnt
Gaussian field apply to statistical distribution. Been a long time
since I had statistical analysis back in the early 70s but I think
this
is also refered to as a "normal distribution".

Hi Jimmy

By my standards, you are *Right On* on all you wrote. I'm pretty
sure
Gaussian distribution of power across a radiating plane results
(theoretically) in zero side lobes, That is also a very poor
distribution
when gain is a goal. I think the term Normal is synonymous with
Gaussian
when referring to aperture distribution.

Jerry

Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very complex thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You apparently expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
. . .

Don't feel bad, Jerry. Quite a few of us who do have an engineering
education and a lot of experience with antennas don't understand Art's
postings either.

Roy Lewallen, W7EL

Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

He knows that Roy, in your absence there have been many that filled in
for you
with disparaging remarks Isn't that what ham radio is all about? What
do you think your entrance to this thread acomplished with such a
remark. For me it helps to understand what is behind your mask and it
doesn't appear to be of a christian format. A lot of people have had
experience with antennas but repeating the same old thing over and over
again with constant postering is not something I desire. Hopefully the
gentleman read my response before he saw the poison that you laid down
to guide the thread in a direction more suitable for your talents



Roy Lewallen wrote:
Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very complex thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You apparently expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
. . .

Don't feel bad, Jerry. Quite a few of us who do have an engineering
education and a lot of experience with antennas don't understand Art's
postings either.

Roy Lewallen, W7EL

Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

OK Art, if you say that you arent actually "pulling my leg", perhaps *I*
can help *you*. It doesnt require computer literacy to be able to use
Roy's EZNEC. I am perhaps the least computer savy reader of this News
Group. But, I am beginning to learn things with this antenna modeling
program. I suggest to you that you will benefit so much as the result of
buying Roy's program that you will thank me for having suggested it to you.
I dont consider it appropriate to use the free EZNEC program. The "paid
for" version has somewhat improved capabilities. And the cost of that
program is far less than the excellent test equipment you now have. It
just seems Right to buy from Roy since he took so much time to make such a
capable tool for us.

Go to Roy and buy the program best suited for analyzing your concept. It
is actually fun to see that program at work. You wont regret having EZNEC
in your "tool box". Value per dollar, there is no tool available to the
antenna designer that is better than EZNEC.

Try it, you'll like it.
Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
No Jerry You couldn't be more wrong. I am not talking down to you
I am responding in a way that didn't involve technical terms but
evolved
around the every day world. I could have quoted the law of every
action has an equal and opposite reaction but I didn't think that
fitted in with your request. Some people measure work as being the
amount moved rather than the release of energy so I wanted to portray
an amount of contained energy or potential energy which when allowed
escapes the hold of equilibrium so the radiation process can start. I
used the magnetised bearing to follow up where the retaining surface
was not visible but still there as a magnetic field. I don't know of
another way of explaining it unless I want to be preyed apon by spam.
Jerry I am sharing things so people can participate in my journey. You
must know I am very interested in what I am pursueing otherwise I would
have just collapsed in the face of the naysayers. if you wish to pursue
my line of thought but are concerned how others view you then keep
everything to a private Email. It does not serve me well to make
enemies in this group if my idea is to debate my thought though some do
enjoy the thinking that the result elevates their iwn status and you
learn to live with that. I responded to you in a lengthy dialogue which
was in kind with your request which did not provide animosity of any
sort which provided me the impetus to respond in the same manner. Jerry
you haven't attacked me
you were polite so have a rethink about this debate, I am sharing not
taking
Very best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

I have to tell you that I am beginning to loose interest in this
thread.
I read about "equilibrium" and began to wonder what that meant in a
discussion about a cluster of radiators. Then, when you explained
equilibrium in terms of balloons, ball bearings and sweat, I began to
wonder if you are pulling my leg.

Now, I really feel like a guy who went snipe hunting and got left out
alone all night. You are playing with me, aren't you?? I asked for
data
and dimensions so I could work *with* you to better understand your
"Cluster"
You reply to my request for information with sentences like this --

Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than the
forward direction envisioned.


If your goal is to show that I am too stupid to know when I am being
tricked, you won.

Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ps.com...
Jerry,
Let me take the opportunity of explaning the term equilibrium in a
folksy sort of way
to give you a better idea or insight to what it is really about.
Basicaly when we talk of equilibrium we are talking about things that
are somehow bound together. You often see in antenna books the squeezed
ballon to show how energy is pushed from the rear to the front of the
antenna, in that case the balloon is reacting or holding back the
pressure inside the balloon so you can see in that case that the inside
is in equilibrium by virtue of the holding power of the balloon.
Another way of looking at equyilibrium is by placing a bunch of
magnetised ball bearings that no matter how you juggle with them they
stay together but you can't see any bag holding them together. Well in
this case it is the magnetic energy holding things together instead of
gravity taking over and pulling them apart one after the other. So how
can we use this equilibrium glue thing when dealing with antennas? well
you can see now that equoilibrium is really a stand off in forces, two
people pushing against each other yet nothing is moving yet it is
evident by the sweat that both men are working hard. Same way with the
balloon that is holding all that radiation energy together and where
the balloon is applying pressure on the energy inside of the balloon
and like two men pushing there is no movement going on. If the balloon
weakens somewhere you will see that the balloon will swoosh away in an
undetermined direction but wait a minite if it is radiation energy we
would sure like to push it all in the forward direction for maximum
gain. So if we have a bunch of resonant elements in equilibrium
containing the means for radiation we have to find a method of
providing the break in a ideal position so that the innards are
directed the same way. Well what we do with the bunch of radiating
elements that are in equilibrium is to place another element into the
bunch that is not resonant like it doesn't belong. What we find by
doing thid is that all the radiation energy will swirl around striving
to get to the weak part remembering that it is only when the energy
escapes thru the hole can it start to produce a electrical and magnetic
field which creates radiation , where as with a yagi the near field is
produced immediatly the driven energy is provided and where the fields
generate new field around each element it meets on its journey. So with
equilibrium we can break it at any place we want to to provide
directivenes where as with a yagi the radiation begins to start forming
even tho it is being directed in many different directions. Naturally
you can see the advantages of energy going in a single direction versus
energy being bounced around
until it sees daylight. So back to the beginning we have a bunch of
elements that are resonant inside a surface like a balloon where if
energy is applied to one of the elements it is sharedf with the other
ele4ments immediatly without commensing the radiation trail and by
placing a detuned element in the cluster we can chose the directiopn
than the energy of each element takes and where it follows its
predessesor in releasing its radiative energy.
Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than the
forward direction envisioned. The next person to come along will
address this problem I am sure once presentented with the incentive
that this new concept provides. No miricals but one step forward makes
all things possible
Regards
Art
art wrote:
Jerh each otherry
What I am doing is to get away from inline coupling of elements. The
Yagi antenna is one of these where all the elements are in line. What
I
am doing is to arrange a a bunch of elements in a group or cluster
such
that each and all elements couple with each other rather than the the
two elements along side. By doing this and yet making the bunch of
elements resonant on their own as well as being driven by one element
as with the normal antenna you have to make changes in either the
length, dia or material of each element to compensate for all the
other
factors implanted on them by the proximity of all the other elements
in
the bunch or cluster. When this is done correctly the bunch of
elements
are in equilibrium with each other and where each element impedance is
devoid or has reactance minimised. The reason for this aproach is the
two resistances that you encounter are the resistance of the material
used for the element which is where the current flows below the
surface
and the radiation resistance which is from the current that flows on
top of the surface
to produce radiation. Since it is radiation that we are concerned with
only true resistance is of importance and where reactiveness in the
impedances provide no benefit to radiation.
The bottom line is that we want to avoid reactivenes whereas the yagi
by coupling elements
that are untuned or not resonant promotes reactiveness. An example of
what this reactiveness does to an array is to make the value curves
for
gain, back to front and swr all peaking at different frequencies where
as the ideal arrangement is to have all the curves peak near the same
frequency so that when using the antenna across the band you have a
fairly consistent gain figure instead of having to cut it at the high
or low end of the band in a compromising effort. When building such an
array you take advantage of height in the turning radius of the beam
since you dont have to place all elements in a single line as with a
yagi which imposes limits on antenna length. by utilising height of
the
array you can have a smaller rotating radius with the same gain of a
yagi with a larger turning radius together with a bandwidth with
smoothed variables.
Hope that helps and clears some of the mystery away from clustered
arrays. This aproach by the way also applies to vertical arrays from
which you can get horizontal, vertical and circular radiation where
each has its special place of use. Use of academic terms was only
provided because some academics don't like change and want to see the
same things they see in books and for some reason were taught that
talk
of statics in the same room as electromagnetics is blasphamy yet they
cannot bring forward anything in the books that say they are totally
separable. By the way I mentioned Nagy where as it should have been
Brown who did so much in recent years in broadcasting and T.V.
Have fun with antennas and don't get intimidated by those who learned
things in College only to memorise and pass exams instead of using
knoweledge to advance the quality of life.
Best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very complex
thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You
apparently
expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
When I did work as an antenna design engineer, years ago, I saw
some
of my
buddies working on the distribution of energy across apertures in an
effort
to shape beams. One of their considerations was to decrease the
power
to
the elements as they were more distant from the center of the array.
I
remember reading that when the power is tapered to provide a
distribution
about equivalent to a Gaussian Distribution, the side lobes were
minimal.

I really enjoy thinking about real antenna construction projects.
but,
when it gets to the Maxwell's Equation kind of analysis, I get lost.
I
dont
even know what a Vector is.
You may have the wrong impression about me, Art, I'm an old guy
who
wants
to have fun with antennas. It isnt necessary for you to tell me to
"get
back
to basics". I dont have interest in the "basics" you refer to.

Is it possible for you to tell us (me) what you are referring to
without
referring to Vectors, Gauss's law, Lorentz, "Nagi", and even
elementary
calculus? Frankly, Art, you confuse me when you write such
scholarly
paragraphs. You and I are so far removed from each other
intellectually
that I can never keep up with your texts.

Jerry


"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry, get back to basics and look up a conservative field
relative
to
Gaussian law.
Step 1
It is a group of electric charges with an addition vector of zero.
So
move backwards and remove that vector if you wish and you have a
gaussian field of electrical charges which in the case of a bunch
of
resonant elements can be seen as all positive or all negative
charges
and we also know that Gaussian law is valid even for enclosed
charges
in motion.

Step 2 The vector that we removed is known as curl but at this
time
nit
has no valu is the samee tho the vector direction is known.
Step 3 Faraday's law of Induced electromotive force. This is
somewhat
opposite to the consevative field in terms of rotation but in
relative
terms it where the consevative field is revolving around a
magnetic
field ( hopefully you can visualise this) So we have a charge q in
an
element of length ds, which element, at the instant considered has
velocity u,experiences a force. Now I know some have difficulty
with
what I said earlier with respect to adding " at an instant of
time)
to
Gausses law which is the same length of time referred to above as
"
at
the instant considered "

Gtep 4 We then examine Lorentz equation which refers to an induced
electric field which is present when, for example the magnetic
field
is
changing with time such that
v1 = 1/q integral F.ds. You can now see that any CONSERVATIVE
force
that might be included in F would integrate to zero thus ommiting
any
electrostatic field that might be present Note again faradays law,
it
is valid regardloess of the nature of the factor or factors
responsible
for change in magnetic flux. So now the overview of the cluster of
resonant elements projected a conservative field with a magnetic
vector
of zero reflecting" an instant of time" with respect to resonant
elements and where the magnetic field will provide
motion to the electrostatic field where all charges will exibit
the
same direction of charge and will change in unison

Now no amount of writing will get you to understand this flow of
concept if you are not willing to have an open mind or think
around
something that at the present time you fail to understand and are
not
willing to rethink thing, possibly in a different way than I
presented
it.

If you are so inclined you can go back further in history and play
with
the 4 vertical array of elements formed by Nagi to obtain possible
insights since he also worked with an array of vertical elements
all
of
which were resonant. His work has been rechecked via Matlab and
found
to be correct so you have a viable path to follow if you have a
modicom
of interest in this new concept. It must be noted that the above
is
only a partial description of the concept
because I have yet to add a detuned element for directional
purposes
for the radiation field.

There is nothing more that I can add that will persuade you to
follow
thru with this concept
so I believe I have now reached the Rubicon with respect to this
vision
of mine. If you can't understand it now put it down to me not
being
smart enough to explain clearly electromagnetics to those skilled
in
the art which I am now finding to be a hopeless task at least here
in
the U.S. unless one can read it in a book and memorise it so one
can
pass an exam..
Art








Jerry Martes wrote:
"JIMMIE" wrote in message
ups.com...

Dave wrote:
"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
In the thread Rain static I referred to a closed surface
which
is
clearly
defined by Gauss's law.

Gauss's law doesn't define a surface, the surface is any
arbitrary
surface
surrounding a charge.

Let us now look at a time vary field applied to

a dielectric. I fht efield is applied for the shortest of
time
the
charges
will stay on the surface. If time is longer than the
shortest
space
of
time

you make it sound like there is some 'shortest' time where
charges
won't
move. this is not true. no matter how short you make the time
it
will
move
the charges.

then charges will openetrate the closed surface. If the
surface
is
an
insulator type then it takes a long while to penetrate but
if
the
surface

Here you mix up 'surface' and 'surface'. the gauss's law
'surface' is
a
mathematically useful construction around a charge, it does
not
have
any
charge 'on' it, nor is there any 'penetration' of it by charge
in
gauss's
law. it is strictly a non-material thing that is used only
for
calculation
purposes.

is a good conductor then the charges will penetrate very
quickly so
we can associate the time constant of penetration to the
subject of
skin depth. If we are to associate the time varying field to
a
gaussian field

you have yet to define a 'gaussian field'. gauss's law
applies
to
electric
fields and their relation to charges.

all the excess charges must be on the surface by law.

only in a 'perfect' conductor. dielectrics and 'empty' space
can
have
distributed charges throughout.

Or in other words
the time evolved must be shorter than the time required to
begin
penetration.

huh? it just goes down hill from here. write some equations,
do
some
drawings, publish a manuscript. all the rest is empty
handwaving
based
on
incorrect assumptions and missing definitions.

Thus for a short space of time all charges are on the
surface
and
the
charges
have a magnhe radiating eneetic and electric field vectors.
Just
having
charges is not enough to convert to a gaussian field in that
a
gaussian
field must be in equilibrium thus a cluster of elements
must have the direction of the surface charges change in
unison. For
a
cluster of elements to do this they must all be resonant
such
that
the
charges reach the ends of the elements at the same time.
Resonance
of
an element is determined by its diameter and its length and
because
it
is coupled to other elements in the cluster the coupling
must
be
taken
into account to secure resonance of not only the individual
elements
but of the cluster as a whole. When this is accomplished the
charges
on
the surface of the closed volume are in equilibrium but onty
for
that
shortest of short time and where that time is added to the
gaussian
formulae for the transition to be complete. For the Gaussian
field
or
volume we can say the energy inside the gaussian field is
equal
to
that
supplied by flux to the outside of the border and remember
the
flux
inside consists of magnetic and electric vectoirs. We now
can
say
that
in a moment of time the flux produced from each element
that
breaches
the border in summation with the other elements is equal to
the
radiating field outside of the border when each element
energy
makes
the transmittion. Thus the summation of each of the
clustered
elements
individual energy when the vectors are given a value
must equal the flux on the outside of the border that
produces
radiation. We also know that if we have a cluster of
elements
that
are
clustered together we can obtain radiation by just applying
a
time
varing field to just one of the elements and by virtue of
intercoupling
all the radiating energy
will leave the near field. Thus we have two different
methods
of
determining the value of the radiated field
! radiation from the clustered within a Gaussian field and
2 radiation from an array of coupled elements
Since the elements within the cluster are all of the same
"Q'"
the
determination of all factors
in the resulting equation are simplified to Ohms law and
where
the
laborious coupling calculations
are omitted. The above describes in first principles as to
how
a
Gaussian field in a short space of time can be equated to a
radiating
cluster using existing laws of the masters which also
embraces
NEC
code. Now many have said I have no understanding of
radiation
concepts
so go ahead and tear this apart and have a merry Xmas doing
it
Art Unwin KB9MZ..........XG


It appears Art has picked up some phrases haphazardly and is
trying to
apply them to antennas some how, If I remember correctly doesnt
Gaussian field apply to statistical distribution. Been a long
time
since I had statistical analysis back in the early 70s but I
think
this
is also refered to as a "normal distribution".

Hi Jimmy

By my standards, you are *Right On* on all you wrote. I'm
pretty
sure
Gaussian distribution of power across a radiating plane results
(theoretically) in zero side lobes, That is also a very poor
distribution
when gain is a goal. I think the term Normal is synonymous with
Gaussian
when referring to aperture distribution.

Jerry

Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

Jerry I am sure that a lot of people are happy with the purchase of
EZNEC
but it doesn't suit my purposes True I paid a lot more money that it
would cost to buy EZNEC but I wanted a program that would teach me more
than what a design provides.
For instance if an element could be placed in a more desirable position
I want it to move it.
If the program determines to bend the element in a more desirable way
then I want it to have the freedom to do it. In other words I need a
program that helps me not just shrug its shoulders emphasising the
dumbness of the program. If you really want to get into modelling then
have a go with MATLAB which is extremely versatile and gaining in use
by the pro's On the other hand if you want to design a yagi it will
respond to your needs, not what you want it to do but to add up the
numbers for the array that you provide it and nothing more.
Best regards
Art




Jerry Martes wrote:
OK Art, if you say that you arent actually "pulling my leg", perhaps *I*
can help *you*. It doesnt require computer literacy to be able to use
Roy's EZNEC. I am perhaps the least computer savy reader of this News
Group. But, I am beginning to learn things with this antenna modeling
program. I suggest to you that you will benefit so much as the result of
buying Roy's program that you will thank me for having suggested it to you.
I dont consider it appropriate to use the free EZNEC program. The "paid
for" version has somewhat improved capabilities. And the cost of that
program is far less than the excellent test equipment you now have. It
just seems Right to buy from Roy since he took so much time to make such a
capable tool for us.

Go to Roy and buy the program best suited for analyzing your concept. It
is actually fun to see that program at work. You wont regret having EZNEC
in your "tool box". Value per dollar, there is no tool available to the
antenna designer that is better than EZNEC.

Try it, you'll like it.
Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
No Jerry You couldn't be more wrong. I am not talking down to you
I am responding in a way that didn't involve technical terms but
evolved
around the every day world. I could have quoted the law of every
action has an equal and opposite reaction but I didn't think that
fitted in with your request. Some people measure work as being the
amount moved rather than the release of energy so I wanted to portray
an amount of contained energy or potential energy which when allowed
escapes the hold of equilibrium so the radiation process can start. I
used the magnetised bearing to follow up where the retaining surface
was not visible but still there as a magnetic field. I don't know of
another way of explaining it unless I want to be preyed apon by spam.
Jerry I am sharing things so people can participate in my journey. You
must know I am very interested in what I am pursueing otherwise I would
have just collapsed in the face of the naysayers. if you wish to pursue
my line of thought but are concerned how others view you then keep
everything to a private Email. It does not serve me well to make
enemies in this group if my idea is to debate my thought though some do
enjoy the thinking that the result elevates their iwn status and you
learn to live with that. I responded to you in a lengthy dialogue which
was in kind with your request which did not provide animosity of any
sort which provided me the impetus to respond in the same manner. Jerry
you haven't attacked me
you were polite so have a rethink about this debate, I am sharing not
taking
Very best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

I have to tell you that I am beginning to loose interest in this
thread.
I read about "equilibrium" and began to wonder what that meant in a
discussion about a cluster of radiators. Then, when you explained
equilibrium in terms of balloons, ball bearings and sweat, I began to
wonder if you are pulling my leg.

Now, I really feel like a guy who went snipe hunting and got left out
alone all night. You are playing with me, aren't you?? I asked for
data
and dimensions so I could work *with* you to better understand your
"Cluster"
You reply to my request for information with sentences like this --

Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than the
forward direction envisioned.


If your goal is to show that I am too stupid to know when I am being
tricked, you won.

Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ps.com...
Jerry,
Let me take the opportunity of explaning the term equilibrium in a
folksy sort of way
to give you a better idea or insight to what it is really about.
Basicaly when we talk of equilibrium we are talking about things that
are somehow bound together. You often see in antenna books the squeezed
ballon to show how energy is pushed from the rear to the front of the
antenna, in that case the balloon is reacting or holding back the
pressure inside the balloon so you can see in that case that the inside
is in equilibrium by virtue of the holding power of the balloon.
Another way of looking at equyilibrium is by placing a bunch of
magnetised ball bearings that no matter how you juggle with them they
stay together but you can't see any bag holding them together. Well in
this case it is the magnetic energy holding things together instead of
gravity taking over and pulling them apart one after the other. So how
can we use this equilibrium glue thing when dealing with antennas? well
you can see now that equoilibrium is really a stand off in forces, two
people pushing against each other yet nothing is moving yet it is
evident by the sweat that both men are working hard. Same way with the
balloon that is holding all that radiation energy together and where
the balloon is applying pressure on the energy inside of the balloon
and like two men pushing there is no movement going on. If the balloon
weakens somewhere you will see that the balloon will swoosh away in an
undetermined direction but wait a minite if it is radiation energy we
would sure like to push it all in the forward direction for maximum
gain. So if we have a bunch of resonant elements in equilibrium
containing the means for radiation we have to find a method of
providing the break in a ideal position so that the innards are
directed the same way. Well what we do with the bunch of radiating
elements that are in equilibrium is to place another element into the
bunch that is not resonant like it doesn't belong. What we find by
doing thid is that all the radiation energy will swirl around striving
to get to the weak part remembering that it is only when the energy
escapes thru the hole can it start to produce a electrical and magnetic
field which creates radiation , where as with a yagi the near field is
produced immediatly the driven energy is provided and where the fields
generate new field around each element it meets on its journey. So with
equilibrium we can break it at any place we want to to provide
directivenes where as with a yagi the radiation begins to start forming
even tho it is being directed in many different directions. Naturally
you can see the advantages of energy going in a single direction versus
energy being bounced around
until it sees daylight. So back to the beginning we have a bunch of
elements that are resonant inside a surface like a balloon where if
energy is applied to one of the elements it is sharedf with the other
ele4ments immediatly without commensing the radiation trail and by
placing a detuned element in the cluster we can chose the directiopn
than the energy of each element takes and where it follows its
predessesor in releasing its radiative energy.
Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than the
forward direction envisioned. The next person to come along will
address this problem I am sure once presentented with the incentive
that this new concept provides. No miricals but one step forward makes
all things possible
Regards
Art
art wrote:
Jerh each otherry
What I am doing is to get away from inline coupling of elements. The
Yagi antenna is one of these where all the elements are in line. What
I
am doing is to arrange a a bunch of elements in a group or cluster
such
that each and all elements couple with each other rather than the the
two elements along side. By doing this and yet making the bunch of
elements resonant on their own as well as being driven by one element
as with the normal antenna you have to make changes in either the
length, dia or material of each element to compensate for all the
other
factors implanted on them by the proximity of all the other elements
in
the bunch or cluster. When this is done correctly the bunch of
elements
are in equilibrium with each other and where each element impedance is
devoid or has reactance minimised. The reason for this aproach is the
two resistances that you encounter are the resistance of the material
used for the element which is where the current flows below the
surface
and the radiation resistance which is from the current that flows on
top of the surface
to produce radiation. Since it is radiation that we are concerned with
only true resistance is of importance and where reactiveness in the
impedances provide no benefit to radiation.
The bottom line is that we want to avoid reactivenes whereas the yagi
by coupling elements
that are untuned or not resonant promotes reactiveness. An example of
what this reactiveness does to an array is to make the value curves
for
gain, back to front and swr all peaking at different frequencies where
as the ideal arrangement is to have all the curves peak near the same
frequency so that when using the antenna across the band you have a
fairly consistent gain figure instead of having to cut it at the high
or low end of the band in a compromising effort. When building such an
array you take advantage of height in the turning radius of the beam
since you dont have to place all elements in a single line as with a
yagi which imposes limits on antenna length. by utilising height of
the
array you can have a smaller rotating radius with the same gain of a
yagi with a larger turning radius together with a bandwidth with
smoothed variables.
Hope that helps and clears some of the mystery away from clustered
arrays. This aproach by the way also applies to vertical arrays from
which you can get horizontal, vertical and circular radiation where
each has its special place of use. Use of academic terms was only
provided because some academics don't like change and want to see the
same things they see in books and for some reason were taught that
talk
of statics in the same room as electromagnetics is blasphamy yet they
cannot bring forward anything in the books that say they are totally
separable. By the way I mentioned Nagy where as it should have been
Brown who did so much in recent years in broadcasting and T.V.
Have fun with antennas and don't get intimidated by those who learned
things in College only to memorise and pass exams instead of using
knoweledge to advance the quality of life.
Best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very complex
thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You
apparently
expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
When I did work as an antenna design engineer, years ago, I saw
some
of my
buddies working on the distribution of energy across apertures in an
effort
to shape beams. One of their considerations was to decrease the
power
to
the elements as they were more distant from the center of the array.
I
remember reading that when the power is tapered to provide a
distribution
about equivalent to a Gaussian Distribution, the side lobes were
minimal.

I really enjoy thinking about real antenna construction projects.
but,
when it gets to the Maxwell's Equation kind of analysis, I get lost.
I
dont
even know what a Vector is.
You may have the wrong impression about me, Art, I'm an old guy
who
wants
to have fun with antennas. It isnt necessary for you to tell me to
"get
back
to basics". I dont have interest in the "basics" you refer to.

Is it possible for you to tell us (me) what you are referring to
without
referring to Vectors, Gauss's law, Lorentz, "Nagi", and even
elementary
calculus? Frankly, Art, you confuse me when you write such
scholarly
paragraphs. You and I are so far removed from each other
intellectually
that I can never keep up with your texts.

Jerry


"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry, get back to basics and look up a conservative field
relative
to
Gaussian law.
Step 1
It is a group of electric charges with an addition vector of zero.
So
move backwards and remove that vector if you wish and you have a
gaussian field of electrical charges which in the case of a bunch
of
resonant elements can be seen as all positive or all negative
charges
and we also know that Gaussian law is valid even for enclosed
charges
in motion.

Step 2 The vector that we removed is known as curl but at this
time
nit
has no valu is the samee tho the vector direction is known.
Step 3 Faraday's law of Induced electromotive force. This is
somewhat
opposite to the consevative field in terms of rotation but in
relative
terms it where the consevative field is revolving around a
magnetic
field ( hopefully you can visualise this) So we have a charge q in
an
element of length ds, which element, at the instant considered has
velocity u,experiences a force. Now I know some have difficulty
with
what I said earlier with respect to adding " at an instant of
time)
to
Gausses law which is the same length of time referred to above as
"
at
the instant considered "

Gtep 4 We then examine Lorentz equation which refers to an induced
electric field which is present when, for example the magnetic
field
is
changing with time such that
v1 = 1/q integral F.ds. You can now see that any CONSERVATIVE
force
that might be included in F would integrate to zero thus ommiting
any
electrostatic field that might be present Note again faradays law,
it
is valid regardloess of the nature of the factor or factors
responsible
for change in magnetic flux. So now the overview of the cluster of
resonant elements projected a conservative field with a magnetic
vector
of zero reflecting" an instant of time" with respect to resonant
elements and where the magnetic field will provide
motion to the electrostatic field where all charges will exibit
the
same direction of charge and will change in unison

Now no amount of writing will get you to understand this flow of
concept if you are not willing to have an open mind or think
around
something that at the present time you fail to understand and are
not
willing to rethink thing, possibly in a different way than I
presented
it.

If you are so inclined you can go back further in history and play
with
the 4 vertical array of elements formed by Nagi to obtain possible
insights since he also worked with an array of vertical elements
all
of
which were resonant. His work has been rechecked via Matlab and
found
to be correct so you have a viable path to follow if you have a
modicom
of interest in this new concept. It must be noted that the above
is
only a partial description of the concept
because I have yet to add a detuned element for directional
purposes
for the radiation field.

There is nothing more that I can add that will persuade you to
follow
thru with this concept
so I believe I have now reached the Rubicon with respect to this
vision
of mine. If you can't understand it now put it down to me not
being
smart enough to explain clearly electromagnetics to those skilled
in
the art which I am now finding to be a hopeless task at least here
in
the U.S. unless one can read it in a book and memorise it so one
can
pass an exam..
Art








Jerry Martes wrote:
"JIMMIE" wrote in message
ups.com...

Dave wrote:
"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
In the thread Rain static I referred to a closed surface
which
is
clearly
defined by Gauss's law.

Gauss's law doesn't define a surface, the surface is any
arbitrary
surface
surrounding a charge.

Let us now look at a time vary field applied to

a dielectric. I fht efield is applied for the shortest of
time
the
charges
will stay on the surface. If time is longer than the
shortest
space
of
time

you make it sound like there is some 'shortest' time where
charges
won't
move. this is not true. no matter how short you make the time
it
will
move
the charges.

then charges will openetrate the closed surface. If the
surface
is
an
insulator type then it takes a long while to penetrate but
if
the
surface

Here you mix up 'surface' and 'surface'. the gauss's law
'surface' is
a
mathematically useful construction around a charge, it does
not
have
any
charge 'on' it, nor is there any 'penetration' of it by charge
in
gauss's
law. it is strictly a non-material thing that is used only
for
calculation
purposes.

is a good conductor then the charges will penetrate very
quickly so
we can associate the time constant of penetration to the
subject of
skin depth. If we are to associate the time varying field to
a
gaussian field

you have yet to define a 'gaussian field'. gauss's law
applies
to
electric
fields and their relation to charges.

all the excess charges must be on the surface by law.

only in a 'perfect' conductor. dielectrics and 'empty' space
can
have
distributed charges throughout.

Or in other words
the time evolved must be shorter than the time required to
begin
penetration.

huh? it just goes down hill from here. write some equations,
do
some
drawings, publish a manuscript. all the rest is empty
handwaving
based
on
incorrect assumptions and missing definitions.

Thus for a short space of time all charges are on the
surface
and
the
charges
have a magnhe radiating eneetic and electric field vectors.
Just
having
charges is not enough to convert to a gaussian field in that
a
gaussian
field must be in equilibrium thus a cluster of elements
must have the direction of the surface charges change in
unison. For
a
cluster of elements to do this they must all be resonant
such
that
the
charges reach the ends of the elements at the same time.
Resonance
of
an element is determined by its diameter and its length and
because
it
is coupled to other elements in the cluster the coupling
must
be
taken
into account to secure resonance of not only the individual
elements
but of the cluster as a whole. When this is accomplished the
charges
on
the surface of the closed volume are in equilibrium but onty
for
that
shortest of short time and where that time is added to the
gaussian
formulae for the transition to be complete. For the Gaussian
field
or
volume we can say the energy inside the gaussian field is
equal
to
that
supplied by flux to the outside of the border and remember
the
flux
inside consists of magnetic and electric vectoirs. We now
can
say
that
in a moment of time the flux produced from each element
that
breaches
the border in summation with the other elements is equal to
the
radiating field outside of the border when each element
energy
makes
the transmittion. Thus the summation of each of the
clustered
elements
individual energy when the vectors are given a value
must equal the flux on the outside of the border that
produces
radiation. We also know that if we have a cluster of
elements
that
are
clustered together we can obtain radiation by just applying
a
time
varing field to just one of the elements and by virtue of
intercoupling
all the radiating energy
will leave the near field. Thus we have two different
methods
of
determining the value of the radiated field
! radiation from the clustered within a Gaussian field and
2 radiation from an array of coupled elements
Since the elements within the cluster are all of the same
"Q'"
the
determination of all factors
in the resulting equation are simplified to Ohms law and
where
the
laborious coupling calculations
are omitted. The above describes in first principles as to
how
a
Gaussian field in a short space of time can be equated to a
radiating
cluster using existing laws of the masters which also
embraces
NEC
code. Now many have said I have no understanding of
radiation
concepts
so go ahead and tear this apart and have a merry Xmas doing
it
Art Unwin KB9MZ..........XG


It appears Art has picked up some phrases haphazardly and is
trying to
apply them to antennas some how, If I remember correctly doesnt
Gaussian field apply to statistical distribution. Been a long
time
since I had statistical analysis back in the early 70s but I
think
this
is also refered to as a "normal distribution".

Hi Jimmy

By my standards, you are *Right On* on all you wrote. I'm
pretty
sure
Gaussian distribution of power across a radiating plane results
(theoretically) in zero side lobes, That is also a very poor
distribution
when gain is a goal. I think the term Normal is synonymous with
Gaussian
when referring to aperture distribution.

Jerry

Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

Hi Art

It really surprises me to earn that you know about Roy's program and then
dismiss it. I thought you had explained that you werent able to use it to
the satisfaction of some other Antenna guys.

I included a question within your post where I ask if you really want a
computer modeling progran to tell you where to locate elements.

Is it true that there is a computer modeling program that is superior (for
HAM/Amateur use) to EZNEC??? I'll go look for METLAB on the Internet.

Jerry




"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry I am sure that a lot of people are happy with the purchase of
EZNEC
but it doesn't suit my purposes True I paid a lot more money that it
would cost to buy EZNEC but I wanted a program that would teach me more
than what a design provides.
For instance if an element could be placed in a more desirable position
I want it to move it.
If the program determines to bend the element in a more desirable way
then I want it to have the freedom to do it.

Art, do you really mean what you seem to have said??? Do you want a
computer modeling program that *tells you* where to locate elements??


In other words I need a
program that helps me not just shrug its shoulders emphasising the
dumbness of the program. If you really want to get into modelling then
have a go with MATLAB which is extremely versatile and gaining in use
by the pro's On the other hand if you want to design a yagi it will
respond to your needs, not what you want it to do but to add up the
numbers for the array that you provide it and nothing more.
Best regards
Art




Jerry Martes wrote:
OK Art, if you say that you arent actually "pulling my leg", perhaps *I*
can help *you*. It doesnt require computer literacy to be able to use
Roy's EZNEC. I am perhaps the least computer savy reader of this News
Group. But, I am beginning to learn things with this antenna modeling
program. I suggest to you that you will benefit so much as the result
of
buying Roy's program that you will thank me for having suggested it to
you.
I dont consider it appropriate to use the free EZNEC program. The "paid
for" version has somewhat improved capabilities. And the cost of that
program is far less than the excellent test equipment you now have. It
just seems Right to buy from Roy since he took so much time to make such
a
capable tool for us.

Go to Roy and buy the program best suited for analyzing your concept.
It
is actually fun to see that program at work. You wont regret having
EZNEC
in your "tool box". Value per dollar, there is no tool available to
the
antenna designer that is better than EZNEC.

Try it, you'll like it.
Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
No Jerry You couldn't be more wrong. I am not talking down to you
I am responding in a way that didn't involve technical terms but
evolved
around the every day world. I could have quoted the law of every
action has an equal and opposite reaction but I didn't think that
fitted in with your request. Some people measure work as being the
amount moved rather than the release of energy so I wanted to portray
an amount of contained energy or potential energy which when allowed
escapes the hold of equilibrium so the radiation process can start. I
used the magnetised bearing to follow up where the retaining surface
was not visible but still there as a magnetic field. I don't know of
another way of explaining it unless I want to be preyed apon by spam.
Jerry I am sharing things so people can participate in my journey. You
must know I am very interested in what I am pursueing otherwise I would
have just collapsed in the face of the naysayers. if you wish to pursue
my line of thought but are concerned how others view you then keep
everything to a private Email. It does not serve me well to make
enemies in this group if my idea is to debate my thought though some do
enjoy the thinking that the result elevates their iwn status and you
learn to live with that. I responded to you in a lengthy dialogue which
was in kind with your request which did not provide animosity of any
sort which provided me the impetus to respond in the same manner. Jerry
you haven't attacked me
you were polite so have a rethink about this debate, I am sharing not
taking
Very best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

I have to tell you that I am beginning to loose interest in this
thread.
I read about "equilibrium" and began to wonder what that meant in a
discussion about a cluster of radiators. Then, when you explained
equilibrium in terms of balloons, ball bearings and sweat, I began to
wonder if you are pulling my leg.

Now, I really feel like a guy who went snipe hunting and got left
out
alone all night. You are playing with me, aren't you?? I asked for
data
and dimensions so I could work *with* you to better understand your
"Cluster"
You reply to my request for information with sentences like this --

Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the
enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on
a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than
the
forward direction envisioned.


If your goal is to show that I am too stupid to know when I am being
tricked, you won.

Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ps.com...
Jerry,
Let me take the opportunity of explaning the term equilibrium in a
folksy sort of way
to give you a better idea or insight to what it is really about.
Basicaly when we talk of equilibrium we are talking about things
that
are somehow bound together. You often see in antenna books the
squeezed
ballon to show how energy is pushed from the rear to the front of
the
antenna, in that case the balloon is reacting or holding back the
pressure inside the balloon so you can see in that case that the
inside
is in equilibrium by virtue of the holding power of the balloon.
Another way of looking at equyilibrium is by placing a bunch of
magnetised ball bearings that no matter how you juggle with them
they
stay together but you can't see any bag holding them together. Well
in
this case it is the magnetic energy holding things together instead
of
gravity taking over and pulling them apart one after the other. So
how
can we use this equilibrium glue thing when dealing with antennas?
well
you can see now that equoilibrium is really a stand off in forces,
two
people pushing against each other yet nothing is moving yet it is
evident by the sweat that both men are working hard. Same way with
the
balloon that is holding all that radiation energy together and where
the balloon is applying pressure on the energy inside of the balloon
and like two men pushing there is no movement going on. If the
balloon
weakens somewhere you will see that the balloon will swoosh away in
an
undetermined direction but wait a minite if it is radiation energy
we
would sure like to push it all in the forward direction for maximum
gain. So if we have a bunch of resonant elements in equilibrium
containing the means for radiation we have to find a method of
providing the break in a ideal position so that the innards are
directed the same way. Well what we do with the bunch of radiating
elements that are in equilibrium is to place another element into
the
bunch that is not resonant like it doesn't belong. What we find by
doing thid is that all the radiation energy will swirl around
striving
to get to the weak part remembering that it is only when the energy
escapes thru the hole can it start to produce a electrical and
magnetic
field which creates radiation , where as with a yagi the near field
is
produced immediatly the driven energy is provided and where the
fields
generate new field around each element it meets on its journey. So
with
equilibrium we can break it at any place we want to to provide
directivenes where as with a yagi the radiation begins to start
forming
even tho it is being directed in many different directions.
Naturally
you can see the advantages of energy going in a single direction
versus
energy being bounced around
until it sees daylight. So back to the beginning we have a bunch of
elements that are resonant inside a surface like a balloon where if
energy is applied to one of the elements it is sharedf with the
other
ele4ments immediatly without commensing the radiation trail and by
placing a detuned element in the cluster we can chose the directiopn
than the energy of each element takes and where it follows its
predessesor in releasing its radiative energy.
Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the
enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on
a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than
the
forward direction envisioned. The next person to come along will
address this problem I am sure once presentented with the incentive
that this new concept provides. No miricals but one step forward
makes
all things possible
Regards
Art
art wrote:
Jerh each otherry
What I am doing is to get away from inline coupling of elements.
The
Yagi antenna is one of these where all the elements are in line.
What
I
am doing is to arrange a a bunch of elements in a group or cluster
such
that each and all elements couple with each other rather than the
the
two elements along side. By doing this and yet making the bunch of
elements resonant on their own as well as being driven by one
element
as with the normal antenna you have to make changes in either the
length, dia or material of each element to compensate for all the
other
factors implanted on them by the proximity of all the other
elements
in
the bunch or cluster. When this is done correctly the bunch of
elements
are in equilibrium with each other and where each element impedance
is
devoid or has reactance minimised. The reason for this aproach is
the
two resistances that you encounter are the resistance of the
material
used for the element which is where the current flows below the
surface
and the radiation resistance which is from the current that flows
on
top of the surface
to produce radiation. Since it is radiation that we are concerned
with
only true resistance is of importance and where reactiveness in the
impedances provide no benefit to radiation.
The bottom line is that we want to avoid reactivenes whereas the
yagi
by coupling elements
that are untuned or not resonant promotes reactiveness. An example
of
what this reactiveness does to an array is to make the value curves
for
gain, back to front and swr all peaking at different frequencies
where
as the ideal arrangement is to have all the curves peak near the
same
frequency so that when using the antenna across the band you have a
fairly consistent gain figure instead of having to cut it at the
high
or low end of the band in a compromising effort. When building such
an
array you take advantage of height in the turning radius of the
beam
since you dont have to place all elements in a single line as with
a
yagi which imposes limits on antenna length. by utilising height of
the
array you can have a smaller rotating radius with the same gain of
a
yagi with a larger turning radius together with a bandwidth with
smoothed variables.
Hope that helps and clears some of the mystery away from clustered
arrays. This aproach by the way also applies to vertical arrays
from
which you can get horizontal, vertical and circular radiation where
each has its special place of use. Use of academic terms was only
provided because some academics don't like change and want to see
the
same things they see in books and for some reason were taught that
talk
of statics in the same room as electromagnetics is blasphamy yet
they
cannot bring forward anything in the books that say they are
totally
separable. By the way I mentioned Nagy where as it should have been
Brown who did so much in recent years in broadcasting and T.V.
Have fun with antennas and don't get intimidated by those who
learned
things in College only to memorise and pass exams instead of using
knoweledge to advance the quality of life.
Best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very complex
thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You
apparently
expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex
convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
When I did work as an antenna design engineer, years ago, I saw
some
of my
buddies working on the distribution of energy across apertures in
an
effort
to shape beams. One of their considerations was to decrease the
power
to
the elements as they were more distant from the center of the
array.
I
remember reading that when the power is tapered to provide a
distribution
about equivalent to a Gaussian Distribution, the side lobes were
minimal.

I really enjoy thinking about real antenna construction
projects.
but,
when it gets to the Maxwell's Equation kind of analysis, I get
lost.
I
dont
even know what a Vector is.
You may have the wrong impression about me, Art, I'm an old guy
who
wants
to have fun with antennas. It isnt necessary for you to tell me
to
"get
back
to basics". I dont have interest in the "basics" you refer to.

Is it possible for you to tell us (me) what you are referring
to
without
referring to Vectors, Gauss's law, Lorentz, "Nagi", and even
elementary
calculus? Frankly, Art, you confuse me when you write such
scholarly
paragraphs. You and I are so far removed from each other
intellectually
that I can never keep up with your texts.

Jerry


"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry, get back to basics and look up a conservative field
relative
to
Gaussian law.
Step 1
It is a group of electric charges with an addition vector of
zero.
So
move backwards and remove that vector if you wish and you have
a
gaussian field of electrical charges which in the case of a
bunch
of
resonant elements can be seen as all positive or all negative
charges
and we also know that Gaussian law is valid even for enclosed
charges
in motion.

Step 2 The vector that we removed is known as curl but at this
time
nit
has no valu is the samee tho the vector direction is known.
Step 3 Faraday's law of Induced electromotive force. This is
somewhat
opposite to the consevative field in terms of rotation but in
relative
terms it where the consevative field is revolving around a
magnetic
field ( hopefully you can visualise this) So we have a charge q
in
an
element of length ds, which element, at the instant considered
has
velocity u,experiences a force. Now I know some have difficulty
with
what I said earlier with respect to adding " at an instant of
time)
to
Gausses law which is the same length of time referred to above
as
"
at
the instant considered "

Gtep 4 We then examine Lorentz equation which refers to an
induced
electric field which is present when, for example the magnetic
field
is
changing with time such that
v1 = 1/q integral F.ds. You can now see that any CONSERVATIVE
force
that might be included in F would integrate to zero thus
ommiting
any
electrostatic field that might be present Note again faradays
law,
it
is valid regardloess of the nature of the factor or factors
responsible
for change in magnetic flux. So now the overview of the cluster
of
resonant elements projected a conservative field with a
magnetic
vector
of zero reflecting" an instant of time" with respect to
resonant
elements and where the magnetic field will provide
motion to the electrostatic field where all charges will exibit
the
same direction of charge and will change in unison

Now no amount of writing will get you to understand this flow
of
concept if you are not willing to have an open mind or think
around
something that at the present time you fail to understand and
are
not
willing to rethink thing, possibly in a different way than I
presented
it.

If you are so inclined you can go back further in history and
play
with
the 4 vertical array of elements formed by Nagi to obtain
possible
insights since he also worked with an array of vertical
elements
all
of
which were resonant. His work has been rechecked via Matlab and
found
to be correct so you have a viable path to follow if you have a
modicom
of interest in this new concept. It must be noted that the
above
is
only a partial description of the concept
because I have yet to add a detuned element for directional
purposes
for the radiation field.

There is nothing more that I can add that will persuade you to
follow
thru with this concept
so I believe I have now reached the Rubicon with respect to
this
vision
of mine. If you can't understand it now put it down to me not
being
smart enough to explain clearly electromagnetics to those
skilled
in
the art which I am now finding to be a hopeless task at least
here
in
the U.S. unless one can read it in a book and memorise it so
one
can
pass an exam..
Art








Jerry Martes wrote:
"JIMMIE" wrote in message
ups.com...

Dave wrote:
"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
In the thread Rain static I referred to a closed surface
which
is
clearly
defined by Gauss's law.

Gauss's law doesn't define a surface, the surface is any
arbitrary
surface
surrounding a charge.

Let us now look at a time vary field applied to

a dielectric. I fht efield is applied for the shortest of
time
the
charges
will stay on the surface. If time is longer than the
shortest
space
of
time

you make it sound like there is some 'shortest' time where
charges
won't
move. this is not true. no matter how short you make the
time
it
will
move
the charges.

then charges will openetrate the closed surface. If the
surface
is
an
insulator type then it takes a long while to penetrate
but
if
the
surface

Here you mix up 'surface' and 'surface'. the gauss's law
'surface' is
a
mathematically useful construction around a charge, it does
not
have
any
charge 'on' it, nor is there any 'penetration' of it by
charge
in
gauss's
law. it is strictly a non-material thing that is used only
for
calculation
purposes.

is a good conductor then the charges will penetrate very
quickly so
we can associate the time constant of penetration to the
subject of
skin depth. If we are to associate the time varying field
to
a
gaussian field

you have yet to define a 'gaussian field'. gauss's law
applies
to
electric
fields and their relation to charges.

all the excess charges must be on the surface by law.

only in a 'perfect' conductor. dielectrics and 'empty'
space
can
have
distributed charges throughout.

Or in other words
the time evolved must be shorter than the time required
to
begin
penetration.

huh? it just goes down hill from here. write some
equations,
do
some
drawings, publish a manuscript. all the rest is empty
handwaving
based
on
incorrect assumptions and missing definitions.

Thus for a short space of time all charges are on the
surface
and
the
charges
have a magnhe radiating eneetic and electric field
vectors.
Just
having
charges is not enough to convert to a gaussian field in
that
a
gaussian
field must be in equilibrium thus a cluster of elements
must have the direction of the surface charges change in
unison. For
a
cluster of elements to do this they must all be resonant
such
that
the
charges reach the ends of the elements at the same time.
Resonance
of
an element is determined by its diameter and its length
and
because
it
is coupled to other elements in the cluster the coupling
must
be
taken
into account to secure resonance of not only the
individual
elements
but of the cluster as a whole. When this is accomplished
the
charges
on
the surface of the closed volume are in equilibrium but
onty
for
that
shortest of short time and where that time is added to
the
gaussian
formulae for the transition to be complete. For the
Gaussian
field
or
volume we can say the energy inside the gaussian field is
equal
to
that
supplied by flux to the outside of the border and
remember
the
flux
inside consists of magnetic and electric vectoirs. We now
can
say
that
in a moment of time the flux produced from each element
that
breaches
the border in summation with the other elements is equal
to
the
radiating field outside of the border when each element
energy
makes
the transmittion. Thus the summation of each of the
clustered
elements
individual energy when the vectors are given a value
must equal the flux on the outside of the border that
produces
radiation. We also know that if we have a cluster of
elements
that
are
clustered together we can obtain radiation by just
applying
a
time
varing field to just one of the elements and by virtue of
intercoupling
all the radiating energy
will leave the near field. Thus we have two different
methods
of
determining the value of the radiated field
! radiation from the clustered within a Gaussian field
and
2 radiation from an array of coupled elements
Since the elements within the cluster are all of the same
"Q'"
the
determination of all factors
in the resulting equation are simplified to Ohms law and
where
the
laborious coupling calculations
are omitted. The above describes in first principles as
to
how
a
Gaussian field in a short space of time can be equated to
a
radiating
cluster using existing laws of the masters which also
embraces
NEC
code. Now many have said I have no understanding of
radiation
concepts
so go ahead and tear this apart and have a merry Xmas
doing
it
Art Unwin KB9MZ..........XG


It appears Art has picked up some phrases haphazardly and is
trying to
apply them to antennas some how, If I remember correctly
doesnt
Gaussian field apply to statistical distribution. Been a
long
time
since I had statistical analysis back in the early 70s but I
think
this
is also refered to as a "normal distribution".

Hi Jimmy

By my standards, you are *Right On* on all you wrote. I'm
pretty
sure
Gaussian distribution of power across a radiating plane
results
(theoretically) in zero side lobes, That is also a very poor
distribution
when gain is a goal. I think the term Normal is synonymous
with
Gaussian
when referring to aperture distribution.

Jerry

Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

It really surprises me to earn that you know about Roy's program and then
dismiss it. I thought you had explained that you werent able to use it to
the satisfaction of some other Antenna guys.

Don't know where you got that idea but EZNEC is one of the oldest
programs around
but science has moved on. Eznec is about the basic program you can find
as well as one of the oldest. It cannot emulate what the majority of
programs available today On the other hand many of the brightest people
have left this group over the years and moved away from the few on this
group who do use EZNEC and thus we have only a few people a miniscule
amount of people who have stayed on with Roy and Co and the perenial
slamming contests
which is why the group is the way it is, the majority of knoweledgable
hams have left


I included a question within your post where I ask if you really want a
computer modeling progran to tell you where to locate elements.


But of course eznec only deals with parallel elements probably must be
in line.
I want a program that allows investigation of random placed elements in
random positions
with wider beamwidths and a single lobe to the fore Eznec is not built
for that sort of thing, it is built purely to add up the numbers of a
predrawn array whereas there are lots of programs available that have
advanced features far beyond what Eznec can supply because the latter
has stagnated over the years with respect to computor advantages
utelised by other programs. EZNEC is cheap and you get only what you
pay for Others supply features that blow EZNEC back to the middle ages
but for these advances you have to pay for.






Is it true that there is a computer modeling program that is superior (for
HAM/Amateur use) to EZNEC??? I'll go look for METLAB on the Internet.
It depends on what hams want to do, Most would piddle with a antenna
program for a week or two and then move on to other things, after all
it gets boring drawing yagis day after day.
If you want something cheap to draw yagis with then I doubt that EZNEC
can be beaten
If you want to move ahead with the science of the day then your needs
are a lot, lot bigger than eznec can supply. The old adage reigns you
only get what you pay for and stale bread is always cheaper.
Regards
Art



Jerry




"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry I am sure that a lot of people are happy with the purchase of
EZNEC
but it doesn't suit my purposes True I paid a lot more money that it
would cost to buy EZNEC but I wanted a program that would teach me more
than what a design provides.
For instance if an element could be placed in a more desirable position
I want it to move it.
If the program determines to bend the element in a more desirable way
then I want it to have the freedom to do it.

Art, do you really mean what you seem to have said??? Do you want a
computer modeling program that *tells you* where to locate elements??


In other words I need a
program that helps me not just shrug its shoulders emphasising the
dumbness of the program. If you really want to get into modelling then
have a go with MATLAB which is extremely versatile and gaining in use
by the pro's On the other hand if you want to design a yagi it will
respond to your needs, not what you want it to do but to add up the
numbers for the array that you provide it and nothing more.
Best regards
Art




Jerry Martes wrote:
OK Art, if you say that you arent actually "pulling my leg", perhaps *I*
can help *you*. It doesnt require computer literacy to be able to use
Roy's EZNEC. I am perhaps the least computer savy reader of this News
Group. But, I am beginning to learn things with this antenna modeling
program. I suggest to you that you will benefit so much as the result
of
buying Roy's program that you will thank me for having suggested it to
you.
I dont consider it appropriate to use the free EZNEC program. The "paid
for" version has somewhat improved capabilities. And the cost of that
program is far less than the excellent test equipment you now have. It
just seems Right to buy from Roy since he took so much time to make such
a
capable tool for us.

Go to Roy and buy the program best suited for analyzing your concept.
It
is actually fun to see that program at work. You wont regret having
EZNEC
in your "tool box". Value per dollar, there is no tool available to
the
antenna designer that is better than EZNEC.

Try it, you'll like it.
Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
No Jerry You couldn't be more wrong. I am not talking down to you
I am responding in a way that didn't involve technical terms but
evolved
around the every day world. I could have quoted the law of every
action has an equal and opposite reaction but I didn't think that
fitted in with your request. Some people measure work as being the
amount moved rather than the release of energy so I wanted to portray
an amount of contained energy or potential energy which when allowed
escapes the hold of equilibrium so the radiation process can start. I
used the magnetised bearing to follow up where the retaining surface
was not visible but still there as a magnetic field. I don't know of
another way of explaining it unless I want to be preyed apon by spam.
Jerry I am sharing things so people can participate in my journey. You
must know I am very interested in what I am pursueing otherwise I would
have just collapsed in the face of the naysayers. if you wish to pursue
my line of thought but are concerned how others view you then keep
everything to a private Email. It does not serve me well to make
enemies in this group if my idea is to debate my thought though some do
enjoy the thinking that the result elevates their iwn status and you
learn to live with that. I responded to you in a lengthy dialogue which
was in kind with your request which did not provide animosity of any
sort which provided me the impetus to respond in the same manner. Jerry
you haven't attacked me
you were polite so have a rethink about this debate, I am sharing not
taking
Very best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

I have to tell you that I am beginning to loose interest in this
thread.
I read about "equilibrium" and began to wonder what that meant in a
discussion about a cluster of radiators. Then, when you explained
equilibrium in terms of balloons, ball bearings and sweat, I began to
wonder if you are pulling my leg.

Now, I really feel like a guy who went snipe hunting and got left
out
alone all night. You are playing with me, aren't you?? I asked for
data
and dimensions so I could work *with* you to better understand your
"Cluster"
You reply to my request for information with sentences like this --

Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the
enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on
a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than
the
forward direction envisioned.


If your goal is to show that I am too stupid to know when I am being
tricked, you won.

Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ps.com...
Jerry,
Let me take the opportunity of explaning the term equilibrium in a
folksy sort of way
to give you a better idea or insight to what it is really about.
Basicaly when we talk of equilibrium we are talking about things
that
are somehow bound together. You often see in antenna books the
squeezed
ballon to show how energy is pushed from the rear to the front of
the
antenna, in that case the balloon is reacting or holding back the
pressure inside the balloon so you can see in that case that the
inside
is in equilibrium by virtue of the holding power of the balloon.
Another way of looking at equyilibrium is by placing a bunch of
magnetised ball bearings that no matter how you juggle with them
they
stay together but you can't see any bag holding them together. Well
in
this case it is the magnetic energy holding things together instead
of
gravity taking over and pulling them apart one after the other. So
how
can we use this equilibrium glue thing when dealing with antennas?
well
you can see now that equoilibrium is really a stand off in forces,
two
people pushing against each other yet nothing is moving yet it is
evident by the sweat that both men are working hard. Same way with
the
balloon that is holding all that radiation energy together and where
the balloon is applying pressure on the energy inside of the balloon
and like two men pushing there is no movement going on. If the
balloon
weakens somewhere you will see that the balloon will swoosh away in
an
undetermined direction but wait a minite if it is radiation energy
we
would sure like to push it all in the forward direction for maximum
gain. So if we have a bunch of resonant elements in equilibrium
containing the means for radiation we have to find a method of
providing the break in a ideal position so that the innards are
directed the same way. Well what we do with the bunch of radiating
elements that are in equilibrium is to place another element into
the
bunch that is not resonant like it doesn't belong. What we find by
doing thid is that all the radiation energy will swirl around
striving
to get to the weak part remembering that it is only when the energy
escapes thru the hole can it start to produce a electrical and
magnetic
field which creates radiation , where as with a yagi the near field
is
produced immediatly the driven energy is provided and where the
fields
generate new field around each element it meets on its journey. So
with
equilibrium we can break it at any place we want to to provide
directivenes where as with a yagi the radiation begins to start
forming
even tho it is being directed in many different directions.
Naturally
you can see the advantages of energy going in a single direction
versus
energy being bounced around
until it sees daylight. So back to the beginning we have a bunch of
elements that are resonant inside a surface like a balloon where if
energy is applied to one of the elements it is sharedf with the
other
ele4ments immediatly without commensing the radiation trail and by
placing a detuned element in the cluster we can chose the directiopn
than the energy of each element takes and where it follows its
predessesor in releasing its radiative energy.
Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the
enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy on
a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas than
the
forward direction envisioned. The next person to come along will
address this problem I am sure once presentented with the incentive
that this new concept provides. No miricals but one step forward
makes
all things possible
Regards
Art
art wrote:
Jerh each otherry
What I am doing is to get away from inline coupling of elements.
The
Yagi antenna is one of these where all the elements are in line.
What
I
am doing is to arrange a a bunch of elements in a group or cluster
such
that each and all elements couple with each other rather than the
the
two elements along side. By doing this and yet making the bunch of
elements resonant on their own as well as being driven by one
element
as with the normal antenna you have to make changes in either the
length, dia or material of each element to compensate for all the
other
factors implanted on them by the proximity of all the other
elements
in
the bunch or cluster. When this is done correctly the bunch of
elements
are in equilibrium with each other and where each element impedance
is
devoid or has reactance minimised. The reason for this aproach is
the
two resistances that you encounter are the resistance of the
material
used for the element which is where the current flows below the
surface
and the radiation resistance which is from the current that flows
on
top of the surface
to produce radiation. Since it is radiation that we are concerned
with
only true resistance is of importance and where reactiveness in the
impedances provide no benefit to radiation.
The bottom line is that we want to avoid reactivenes whereas the
yagi
by coupling elements
that are untuned or not resonant promotes reactiveness. An example
of
what this reactiveness does to an array is to make the value curves
for
gain, back to front and swr all peaking at different frequencies
where
as the ideal arrangement is to have all the curves peak near the
same
frequency so that when using the antenna across the band you have a
fairly consistent gain figure instead of having to cut it at the
high
or low end of the band in a compromising effort. When building such
an
array you take advantage of height in the turning radius of the
beam
since you dont have to place all elements in a single line as with
a
yagi which imposes limits on antenna length. by utilising height of
the
array you can have a smaller rotating radius with the same gain of
a
yagi with a larger turning radius together with a bandwidth with
smoothed variables.
Hope that helps and clears some of the mystery away from clustered
arrays. This aproach by the way also applies to vertical arrays
from
which you can get horizontal, vertical and circular radiation where
each has its special place of use. Use of academic terms was only
provided because some academics don't like change and want to see
the
same things they see in books and for some reason were taught that
talk
of statics in the same room as electromagnetics is blasphamy yet
they
cannot bring forward anything in the books that say they are
totally
separable. By the way I mentioned Nagy where as it should have been
Brown who did so much in recent years in broadcasting and T.V.
Have fun with antennas and don't get intimidated by those who
learned
things in College only to memorise and pass exams instead of using
knoweledge to advance the quality of life.
Best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very complex
thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You
apparently
expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex
convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
When I did work as an antenna design engineer, years ago, I saw
some
of my
buddies working on the distribution of energy across apertures in
an
effort
to shape beams. One of their considerations was to decrease the
power
to
the elements as they were more distant from the center of the
array.
I
remember reading that when the power is tapered to provide a
distribution
about equivalent to a Gaussian Distribution, the side lobes were
minimal.

I really enjoy thinking about real antenna construction
projects.
but,
when it gets to the Maxwell's Equation kind of analysis, I get
lost.
I
dont
even know what a Vector is.
You may have the wrong impression about me, Art, I'm an old guy
who
wants
to have fun with antennas. It isnt necessary for you to tell me
to
"get
back
to basics". I dont have interest in the "basics" you refer to.

Is it possible for you to tell us (me) what you are referring
to
without
referring to Vectors, Gauss's law, Lorentz, "Nagi", and even
elementary
calculus? Frankly, Art, you confuse me when you write such
scholarly
paragraphs. You and I are so far removed from each other
intellectually
that I can never keep up with your texts.

Jerry


"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry, get back to basics and look up a conservative field
relative
to
Gaussian law.
Step 1
It is a group of electric charges with an addition vector of
zero.
So
move backwards and remove that vector if you wish and you have
a
gaussian field of electrical charges which in the case of a
bunch
of
resonant elements can be seen as all positive or all negative
charges
and we also know that Gaussian law is valid even for enclosed
charges
in motion.

Step 2 The vector that we removed is known as curl but at this
time
nit
has no valu is the samee tho the vector direction is known.
Step 3 Faraday's law of Induced electromotive force. This is
somewhat
opposite to the consevative field in terms of rotation but in
relative
terms it where the consevative field is revolving around a
magnetic
field ( hopefully you can visualise this) So we have a charge q
in
an
element of length ds, which element, at the instant considered
has
velocity u,experiences a force. Now I know some have difficulty
with
what I said earlier with respect to adding " at an instant of
time)
to
Gausses law which is the same length of time referred to above
as
"
at
the instant considered "

Gtep 4 We then examine Lorentz equation which refers to an
induced
electric field which is present when, for example the magnetic
field
is
changing with time such that
v1 = 1/q integral F.ds. You can now see that any CONSERVATIVE
force
that might be included in F would integrate to zero thus
ommiting
any
electrostatic field that might be present Note again faradays
law,
it
is valid regardloess of the nature of the factor or factors
responsible
for change in magnetic flux. So now the overview of the cluster
of
resonant elements projected a conservative field with a
magnetic
vector
of zero reflecting" an instant of time" with respect to
resonant
elements and where the magnetic field will provide
motion to the electrostatic field where all charges will exibit
the
same direction of charge and will change in unison

Now no amount of writing will get you to understand this flow
of
concept if you are not willing to have an open mind or think
around
something that at the present time you fail to understand and
are
not
willing to rethink thing, possibly in a different way than I
presented
it.

If you are so inclined you can go back further in history and
play
with
the 4 vertical array of elements formed by Nagi to obtain
possible
insights since he also worked with an array of vertical
elements
all
of
which were resonant. His work has been rechecked via Matlab and
found
to be correct so you have a viable path to follow if you have a
modicom
of interest in this new concept. It must be noted that the
above
is
only a partial description of the concept
because I have yet to add a detuned element for directional
purposes
for the radiation field.

There is nothing more that I can add that will persuade you to
follow
thru with this concept
so I believe I have now reached the Rubicon with respect to
this
vision
of mine. If you can't understand it now put it down to me not
being
smart enough to explain clearly electromagnetics to those
skilled
in
the art which I am now finding to be a hopeless task at least
here
in
the U.S. unless one can read it in a book and memorise it so
one
can
pass an exam..
Art








Jerry Martes wrote:
"JIMMIE" wrote in message
ups.com...

Dave wrote:
"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
In the thread Rain static I referred to a closed surface
which
is
clearly
defined by Gauss's law.

Gauss's law doesn't define a surface, the surface is any
arbitrary
surface
surrounding a charge.

Let us now look at a time vary field applied to

a dielectric. I fht efield is applied for the shortest of
time
the
charges
will stay on the surface. If time is longer than the
shortest
space
of
time

you make it sound like there is some 'shortest' time where
charges
won't
move. this is not true. no matter how short you make the
time
it
will
move
the charges.

then charges will openetrate the closed surface. If the
surface
is
an
insulator type then it takes a long while to penetrate
but
if
the
surface

Here you mix up 'surface' and 'surface'. the gauss's law
'surface' is
a
mathematically useful construction around a charge, it does
not
have
any
charge 'on' it, nor is there any 'penetration' of it by
charge
in
gauss's
law. it is strictly a non-material thing that is used only
for
calculation
purposes.

is a good conductor then the charges will penetrate very
quickly so
we can associate the time constant of penetration to the
subject of
skin depth. If we are to associate the time varying field
to
a
gaussian field

you have yet to define a 'gaussian field'. gauss's law
applies
to
electric
fields and their relation to charges.

all the excess charges must be on the surface by law.

only in a 'perfect' conductor. dielectrics and 'empty'
space
can
have
distributed charges throughout.

Or in other words
the time evolved must be shorter than the time required
to
begin
penetration.

huh? it just goes down hill from here. write some
equations,
do
some
drawings, publish a manuscript. all the rest is empty
handwaving
based
on
incorrect assumptions and missing definitions.

Thus for a short space of time all charges are on the
surface
and
the
charges
have a magnhe radiating eneetic and electric field
vectors.
Just
having
charges is not enough to convert to a gaussian field in
that
a
gaussian
field must be in equilibrium thus a cluster of elements
must have the direction of the surface charges change in
unison. For
a
cluster of elements to do this they must all be resonant
such
that
the
charges reach the ends of the elements at the same time.
Resonance
of
an element is determined by its diameter and its length
and
because
it
is coupled to other elements in the cluster the coupling
must
be
taken
into account to secure resonance of not only the
individual
elements
but of the cluster as a whole. When this is accomplished
the
charges
on
the surface of the closed volume are in equilibrium but
onty
for
that
shortest of short time and where that time is added to
the
gaussian
formulae for the transition to be complete. For the
Gaussian
field
or
volume we can say the energy inside the gaussian field is
equal
to
that
supplied by flux to the outside of the border and
remember
the
flux
inside consists of magnetic and electric vectoirs. We now
can
say
that
in a moment of time the flux produced from each element
that
breaches
the border in summation with the other elements is equal
to
the
radiating field outside of the border when each element
energy
makes
the transmittion. Thus the summation of each of the
clustered
elements
individual energy when the vectors are given a value
must equal the flux on the outside of the border that
produces
radiation. We also know that if we have a cluster of
elements
that
are
clustered together we can obtain radiation by just
applying
a
time
varing field to just one of the elements and by virtue of
intercoupling
all the radiating energy
will leave the near field. Thus we have two different
methods
of
determining the value of the radiated field
! radiation from the clustered within a Gaussian field
and
2 radiation from an array of coupled elements
Since the elements within the cluster are all of the same
"Q'"
the
determination of all factors
in the resulting equation are simplified to Ohms law and
where
the
laborious coupling calculations
are omitted. The above describes in first principles as
to
how
a
Gaussian field in a short space of time can be equated to
a
radiating
cluster using existing laws of the masters which also
embraces
NEC
code. Now many have said I have no understanding of
radiation
concepts
so go ahead and tear this apart and have a merry Xmas
doing
it
Art Unwin KB9MZ..........XG


It appears Art has picked up some phrases haphazardly and is
trying to
apply them to antennas some how, If I remember correctly
doesnt
Gaussian field apply to statistical distribution. Been a
long
time
since I had statistical analysis back in the early 70s but I
think
this
is also refered to as a "normal distribution".

Hi Jimmy

By my standards, you are *Right On* on all you wrote. I'm
pretty
sure
Gaussian distribution of power across a radiating plane
results
(theoretically) in zero side lobes, That is also a very poor
distribution
when gain is a goal. I think the term Normal is synonymous
with
Gaussian
when referring to aperture distribution.

Jerry

Gaussian law and time varying fields
 

Oh nuts, Art, I cant even read properly. I thought you told me that you
werent computer literate and that you werent able to define the antenna you
are proposing to be a "CLUSTER". I can only apologize for being so dumb
that I cant seem to make sense out of your posts. I'll leave you to
discuss your "CLUSTER" with those bright guys who can read and understand
your text.

You seem to have implied that you think ""EZNEC deals with parallel
elements probably must be in line"". It isnt true that EZNEC is limited to
either "parallel" elements nor "in line" elements.

Obviously I am far too easily satisfied with computer programs for
modeling antennas. I really like EZNEC and found it really easy to learn
how to navigate in it. Art, I could never discuss antenna theory or
operation with you are far too wise and knowledgeable for me.

Do you mind my asking what kind of profession you are employed in??

Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ups.com...

Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

It really surprises me to earn that you know about Roy's program and
then
dismiss it. I thought you had explained that you werent able to use it
to
the satisfaction of some other Antenna guys.

Don't know where you got that idea but EZNEC is one of the oldest
programs around
but science has moved on. Eznec is about the basic program you can find
as well as one of the oldest. It cannot emulate what the majority of
programs available today On the other hand many of the brightest people
have left this group over the years and moved away from the few on this
group who do use EZNEC and thus we have only a few people a miniscule
amount of people who have stayed on with Roy and Co and the perenial
slamming contests
which is why the group is the way it is, the majority of knoweledgable
hams have left


I included a question within your post where I ask if you really want a
computer modeling progran to tell you where to locate elements.


But of course eznec only deals with parallel elements probably must be
in line.
I want a program that allows investigation of random placed elements in
random positions
with wider beamwidths and a single lobe to the fore Eznec is not built
for that sort of thing, it is built purely to add up the numbers of a
predrawn array whereas there are lots of programs available that have
advanced features far beyond what Eznec can supply because the latter
has stagnated over the years with respect to computor advantages
utelised by other programs. EZNEC is cheap and you get only what you
pay for Others supply features that blow EZNEC back to the middle ages
but for these advances you have to pay for.






Is it true that there is a computer modeling program that is superior
(for
HAM/Amateur use) to EZNEC??? I'll go look for METLAB on the Internet.
It depends on what hams want to do, Most would piddle with a antenna
program for a week or two and then move on to other things, after all
it gets boring drawing yagis day after day.
If you want something cheap to draw yagis with then I doubt that EZNEC
can be beaten
If you want to move ahead with the science of the day then your needs
are a lot, lot bigger than eznec can supply. The old adage reigns you
only get what you pay for and stale bread is always cheaper.
Regards
Art



Jerry




"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry I am sure that a lot of people are happy with the purchase of
EZNEC
but it doesn't suit my purposes True I paid a lot more money that it
would cost to buy EZNEC but I wanted a program that would teach me more
than what a design provides.
For instance if an element could be placed in a more desirable position
I want it to move it.
If the program determines to bend the element in a more desirable way
then I want it to have the freedom to do it.

Art, do you really mean what you seem to have said??? Do you want a
computer modeling program that *tells you* where to locate elements??


In other words I need a
program that helps me not just shrug its shoulders emphasising the
dumbness of the program. If you really want to get into modelling then
have a go with MATLAB which is extremely versatile and gaining in use
by the pro's On the other hand if you want to design a yagi it will
respond to your needs, not what you want it to do but to add up the
numbers for the array that you provide it and nothing more.
Best regards
Art




Jerry Martes wrote:
OK Art, if you say that you arent actually "pulling my leg", perhaps
*I*
can help *you*. It doesnt require computer literacy to be able to
use
Roy's EZNEC. I am perhaps the least computer savy reader of this
News
Group. But, I am beginning to learn things with this antenna
modeling
program. I suggest to you that you will benefit so much as the
result
of
buying Roy's program that you will thank me for having suggested it to
you.
I dont consider it appropriate to use the free EZNEC program. The
"paid
for" version has somewhat improved capabilities. And the cost of
that
program is far less than the excellent test equipment you now have.
It
just seems Right to buy from Roy since he took so much time to make
such
a
capable tool for us.

Go to Roy and buy the program best suited for analyzing your
concept.
It
is actually fun to see that program at work. You wont regret having
EZNEC
in your "tool box". Value per dollar, there is no tool available to
the
antenna designer that is better than EZNEC.

Try it, you'll like it.
Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
No Jerry You couldn't be more wrong. I am not talking down to you
I am responding in a way that didn't involve technical terms but
evolved
around the every day world. I could have quoted the law of every
action has an equal and opposite reaction but I didn't think that
fitted in with your request. Some people measure work as being the
amount moved rather than the release of energy so I wanted to
portray
an amount of contained energy or potential energy which when allowed
escapes the hold of equilibrium so the radiation process can start.
I
used the magnetised bearing to follow up where the retaining surface
was not visible but still there as a magnetic field. I don't know of
another way of explaining it unless I want to be preyed apon by
spam.
Jerry I am sharing things so people can participate in my journey.
You
must know I am very interested in what I am pursueing otherwise I
would
have just collapsed in the face of the naysayers. if you wish to
pursue
my line of thought but are concerned how others view you then keep
everything to a private Email. It does not serve me well to make
enemies in this group if my idea is to debate my thought though some
do
enjoy the thinking that the result elevates their iwn status and you
learn to live with that. I responded to you in a lengthy dialogue
which
was in kind with your request which did not provide animosity of any
sort which provided me the impetus to respond in the same manner.
Jerry
you haven't attacked me
you were polite so have a rethink about this debate, I am sharing
not
taking
Very best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

I have to tell you that I am beginning to loose interest in this
thread.
I read about "equilibrium" and began to wonder what that meant in a
discussion about a cluster of radiators. Then, when you explained
equilibrium in terms of balloons, ball bearings and sweat, I began
to
wonder if you are pulling my leg.

Now, I really feel like a guy who went snipe hunting and got left
out
alone all night. You are playing with me, aren't you?? I asked
for
data
and dimensions so I could work *with* you to better understand your
"Cluster"
You reply to my request for information with sentences like
his --

Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the
enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however
at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which
provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy
on
a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas
than
the
forward direction envisioned.


If your goal is to show that I am too stupid to know when I am
being
tricked, you won.

Jerry



"art" wrote in message
ps.com...
Jerry,
Let me take the opportunity of explaning the term equilibrium in
a
folksy sort of way
to give you a better idea or insight to what it is really about.
Basicaly when we talk of equilibrium we are talking about things
that
are somehow bound together. You often see in antenna books the
squeezed
ballon to show how energy is pushed from the rear to the front of
the
antenna, in that case the balloon is reacting or holding back the
pressure inside the balloon so you can see in that case that the
inside
is in equilibrium by virtue of the holding power of the balloon.
Another way of looking at equyilibrium is by placing a bunch of
magnetised ball bearings that no matter how you juggle with them
they
stay together but you can't see any bag holding them together.
Well
in
this case it is the magnetic energy holding things together
instead
of
gravity taking over and pulling them apart one after the other.
So
how
can we use this equilibrium glue thing when dealing with
antennas?
well
you can see now that equoilibrium is really a stand off in
forces,
two
people pushing against each other yet nothing is moving yet it is
evident by the sweat that both men are working hard. Same way
with
the
balloon that is holding all that radiation energy together and
where
the balloon is applying pressure on the energy inside of the
balloon
and like two men pushing there is no movement going on. If the
balloon
weakens somewhere you will see that the balloon will swoosh away
in
an
undetermined direction but wait a minite if it is radiation
energy
we
would sure like to push it all in the forward direction for
maximum
gain. So if we have a bunch of resonant elements in equilibrium
containing the means for radiation we have to find a method of
providing the break in a ideal position so that the innards are
directed the same way. Well what we do with the bunch of
radiating
elements that are in equilibrium is to place another element into
the
bunch that is not resonant like it doesn't belong. What we find
by
doing thid is that all the radiation energy will swirl around
striving
to get to the weak part remembering that it is only when the
energy
escapes thru the hole can it start to produce a electrical and
magnetic
field which creates radiation , where as with a yagi the near
field
is
produced immediatly the driven energy is provided and where the
fields
generate new field around each element it meets on its journey.
So
with
equilibrium we can break it at any place we want to to provide
directivenes where as with a yagi the radiation begins to start
forming
even tho it is being directed in many different directions.
Naturally
you can see the advantages of energy going in a single direction
versus
energy being bounced around
until it sees daylight. So back to the beginning we have a bunch
of
elements that are resonant inside a surface like a balloon where
if
energy is applied to one of the elements it is sharedf with the
other
ele4ments immediatly without commensing the radiation trail and
by
placing a detuned element in the cluster we can chose the
directiopn
than the energy of each element takes and where it follows its
predessesor in releasing its radiative energy.
Sound simple but there are difficulties, when you weaken the
enclosing
force it does produce a major hole for directive purposes however
at
the same time multiple fissures open in other areas which
provides a
leakage trail for the swerling innards such that radiative energy
on
a
smaller scale still escaopes to form radiation in other areas
than
the
forward direction envisioned. The next person to come along will
address this problem I am sure once presentented with the
incentive
that this new concept provides. No miricals but one step forward
makes
all things possible
Regards
Art
art wrote:
Jerh each otherry
What I am doing is to get away from inline coupling of elements.
The
Yagi antenna is one of these where all the elements are in line.
What
I
am doing is to arrange a a bunch of elements in a group or
cluster
such
that each and all elements couple with each other rather than
the
the
two elements along side. By doing this and yet making the bunch
of
elements resonant on their own as well as being driven by one
element
as with the normal antenna you have to make changes in either
the
length, dia or material of each element to compensate for all
the
other
factors implanted on them by the proximity of all the other
elements
in
the bunch or cluster. When this is done correctly the bunch of
elements
are in equilibrium with each other and where each element
impedance
is
devoid or has reactance minimised. The reason for this aproach
is
the
two resistances that you encounter are the resistance of the
material
used for the element which is where the current flows below the
surface
and the radiation resistance which is from the current that
flows
on
top of the surface
to produce radiation. Since it is radiation that we are
concerned
with
only true resistance is of importance and where reactiveness in
the
impedances provide no benefit to radiation.
The bottom line is that we want to avoid reactivenes whereas the
yagi
by coupling elements
that are untuned or not resonant promotes reactiveness. An
example
of
what this reactiveness does to an array is to make the value
curves
for
gain, back to front and swr all peaking at different frequencies
where
as the ideal arrangement is to have all the curves peak near the
same
frequency so that when using the antenna across the band you
have a
fairly consistent gain figure instead of having to cut it at the
high
or low end of the band in a compromising effort. When building
such
an
array you take advantage of height in the turning radius of the
beam
since you dont have to place all elements in a single line as
with
a
yagi which imposes limits on antenna length. by utilising height
of
the
array you can have a smaller rotating radius with the same gain
of
a
yagi with a larger turning radius together with a bandwidth with
smoothed variables.
Hope that helps and clears some of the mystery away from
clustered
arrays. This aproach by the way also applies to vertical arrays
from
which you can get horizontal, vertical and circular radiation
where
each has its special place of use. Use of academic terms was
only
provided because some academics don't like change and want to
see
the
same things they see in books and for some reason were taught
that
talk
of statics in the same room as electromagnetics is blasphamy yet
they
cannot bring forward anything in the books that say they are
totally
separable. By the way I mentioned Nagy where as it should have
been
Brown who did so much in recent years in broadcasting and T.V.
Have fun with antennas and don't get intimidated by those who
learned
things in College only to memorise and pass exams instead of
using
knoweledge to advance the quality of life.
Best regards
Art


Jerry Martes wrote:
Hi Art

Thanks for taking your time to direct me to some very
complex
thinking.
But, I'm a rather simple guy who isnt well educated. You
apparently
expect
a "just regular guy" like me to understand the ccomplex
convoluted
theoretical stuff that you write about.
When I did work as an antenna design engineer, years ago, I
saw
some
of my
buddies working on the distribution of energy across apertures
in
an
effort
to shape beams. One of their considerations was to decrease
the
power
to
the elements as they were more distant from the center of the
array.
I
remember reading that when the power is tapered to provide a
distribution
about equivalent to a Gaussian Distribution, the side lobes
were
minimal.

I really enjoy thinking about real antenna construction
projects.
but,
when it gets to the Maxwell's Equation kind of analysis, I get
lost.
I
dont
even know what a Vector is.
You may have the wrong impression about me, Art, I'm an old
guy
who
wants
to have fun with antennas. It isnt necessary for you to tell
me
to
"get
back
to basics". I dont have interest in the "basics" you refer
to.

Is it possible for you to tell us (me) what you are
referring
to
without
referring to Vectors, Gauss's law, Lorentz, "Nagi", and even
elementary
calculus? Frankly, Art, you confuse me when you write such
scholarly
paragraphs. You and I are so far removed from each other
intellectually
that I can never keep up with your texts.

Jerry


"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
Jerry, get back to basics and look up a conservative field
relative
to
Gaussian law.
Step 1
It is a group of electric charges with an addition vector of
zero.
So
move backwards and remove that vector if you wish and you
have
a
gaussian field of electrical charges which in the case of a
bunch
of
resonant elements can be seen as all positive or all
negative
charges
and we also know that Gaussian law is valid even for
enclosed
charges
in motion.

Step 2 The vector that we removed is known as curl but at
this
time
nit
has no valu is the samee tho the vector direction is known.
Step 3 Faraday's law of Induced electromotive force. This is
somewhat
opposite to the consevative field in terms of rotation but
in
relative
terms it where the consevative field is revolving around a
magnetic
field ( hopefully you can visualise this) So we have a
charge q
in
an
element of length ds, which element, at the instant
considered
has
velocity u,experiences a force. Now I know some have
difficulty
with
what I said earlier with respect to adding " at an instant
of
time)
to
Gausses law which is the same length of time referred to
above
as
"
at
the instant considered "

Gtep 4 We then examine Lorentz equation which refers to an
induced
electric field which is present when, for example the
magnetic
field
is
changing with time such that
v1 = 1/q integral F.ds. You can now see that any
CONSERVATIVE
force
that might be included in F would integrate to zero thus
ommiting
any
electrostatic field that might be present Note again
faradays
law,
it
is valid regardloess of the nature of the factor or factors
responsible
for change in magnetic flux. So now the overview of the
cluster
of
resonant elements projected a conservative field with a
magnetic
vector
of zero reflecting" an instant of time" with respect to
resonant
elements and where the magnetic field will provide
motion to the electrostatic field where all charges will
exibit
the
same direction of charge and will change in unison

Now no amount of writing will get you to understand this
flow
of
concept if you are not willing to have an open mind or think
around
something that at the present time you fail to understand
and
are
not
willing to rethink thing, possibly in a different way than I
presented
it.

If you are so inclined you can go back further in history
and
play
with
the 4 vertical array of elements formed by Nagi to obtain
possible
insights since he also worked with an array of vertical
elements
all
of
which were resonant. His work has been rechecked via Matlab
and
found
to be correct so you have a viable path to follow if you
have a
modicom
of interest in this new concept. It must be noted that the
above
is
only a partial description of the concept
because I have yet to add a detuned element for directional
purposes
for the radiation field.

There is nothing more that I can add that will persuade you
to
follow
thru with this concept
so I believe I have now reached the Rubicon with respect to
this
vision
of mine. If you can't understand it now put it down to me
not
being
smart enough to explain clearly electromagnetics to those
skilled
in
the art which I am now finding to be a hopeless task at
least
here
in
the U.S. unless one can read it in a book and memorise it so
one
can
pass an exam..
Art








Jerry Martes wrote:
"JIMMIE" wrote in message
ups.com...

Dave wrote:
"art" wrote in message
ups.com...
In the thread Rain static I referred to a closed
surface
which
is
clearly
defined by Gauss's law.

Gauss's law doesn't define a surface, the surface is any
arbitrary
surface
surrounding a charge.

Let us now look at a time vary field applied to

a dielectric. I fht efield is applied for the shortest
of
time
the
charges
will stay on the surface. If time is longer than the
shortest
space
of
time

you make it sound like there is some 'shortest' time
where
charges
won't
move. this is not true. no matter how short you make
the
time
it
will
move
the charges.

then charges will openetrate the closed surface. If
the
surface
is
an
insulator type then it takes a long while to penetrate
but
if
the
surface

Here you mix up 'surface' and 'surface'. the gauss's
law
'surface' is
a
mathematically useful construction around a charge, it
does
not
have
any
charge 'on' it, nor is there any 'penetration' of it by
charge
in
gauss's
law. it is strictly a non-material thing that is used
only
for
calculation
purposes.

is a good conductor then the charges will penetrate
very
quickly so
we can associate the time constant of penetration to
the
subject of
skin depth. If we are to associate the time varying
field
to
a
gaussian field

you have yet to define a 'gaussian field'. gauss's law
applies
to
electric
fields and their relation to charges.

all the excess charges must be on the surface by law.

only in a 'perfect' conductor. dielectrics and 'empty'
space
can
have
distributed charges throughout.

Or in other words
the time evolved must be shorter than the time
required
to
begin
penetration.

huh? it just goes down hill from here. write some
equations,
do
some
drawings, publish a manuscript. all the rest is empty
handwaving
based
on
incorrect assumptions and missing definitions.

Thus for a short space of time all charges are on the
surface
and
the
charges
have a magnhe radiating eneetic and electric field
vectors.
Just
having
charges is not enough to convert to a gaussian field
in
that
a
gaussian
field must be in equilibrium thus a cluster of
elements
must have the direction of the surface charges change
in
unison. For
a
cluster of elements to do this they must all be
resonant
such
that
the
charges reach the ends of the elements at the same
time.
Resonance
of
an element is determined by its diameter and its
length
and
because
it
is coupled to other elements in the cluster the
coupling
must
be
taken
into account to secure resonance of not only the
individual
elements
but of the cluster as a whole. When this is
accomplished
the
charges
on
the surface of the closed volume are in equilibrium
but
onty
for
that
shortest of short time and where that time is added to
the
gaussian
formulae for the transition to be complete. For the
Gaussian
field
or
volume we can say the energy inside the gaussian field
is
equal
to
that
supplied by flux to the outside of the border and
remember
the
flux
inside consists of magnetic and electric vectoirs. We
now
can
say
that
in a moment of time the flux produced from each
element
that
breaches
the border in summation with the other elements is
equal
to
the
radiating field outside of the border when each
element
energy
makes
the transmittion. Thus the summation of each of the
clustered
elements
individual energy when the vectors are given a value
must equal the flux on the outside of the border that
produces
radiation. We also know that if we have a cluster of
elements
that
are
clustered together we can obtain radiation by just
applying
a
time
varing field to just one of the elements and by virtue
of
intercoupling
all the radiating energy
will leave the near field. Thus we have two different
methods
of
determining the value of the radiated field
! radiation from the clustered within a Gaussian
field
and
2 radiation from an array of coupled elements
Since the elements within the cluster are all of the
same
"Q'"
the
determination of all factors
in the resulting equation are simplified to Ohms law
and
where
the
laborious coupling calculations
are omitted. The above describes in first principles
as
to
how
a
Gaussian field in a short space of time can be equated
to
a
radiating
cluster using existing laws of the masters which also
embraces
NEC
code. Now many have said I have no understanding of
radiation
concepts
so go ahead and tear this apart and have a merry Xmas
doing
it
Art Unwin KB9MZ..........XG


It appears Art has picked up some phrases haphazardly and
is
trying to
apply them to antennas some how, If I remember correctly
doesnt
Gaussian field apply to statistical distribution. Been a
long
time
since I had statistical analysis back in the early 70s
but I
think
this
is also refered to as a "normal distribution".

Hi Jimmy

By my standards, you are *Right On* on all you wrote.
I'm
pretty
sure
Gaussian distribution of power across a radiating plane
results
(theoretically) in zero side lobes, That is also a very
poor
distribution
when gain is a goal. I think the term Normal is
synonymous
with
Gaussian
when referring to aperture distribution.

Jerry