On Sep 3, 3:59*pm, Richard Clark wrote:
On Mon, 1 Sep 2008 09:26:26 -0700 (PDT), wrote:
In a perfect situation, with a balanced feedline, the only kind of
current and voltage you have IS common mode!

This statement above contains a serious error of perception while
trying to inhabit the debate over BalUns - and it probably corrupts
that topic too.

First - a circuit has at a minimum two conductors extending from a
source. *A circuit by its nature is circular: for every charge carrier
that enters it, one must exit it. *Continuity is a necessary condition
for a circuit. *No continuity, no conduction, hence an "Open Circuit."

Second - those two conductors, if viewed at a remote point where they
are joined, have equal and opposite paths of current conduction - to
and from that point. *This is from Kirchoff's law of currents.

Third - this is called Differential Mode current in anticipation of a
common modality.

Fourth - if that remote point of connection is replaced with a load,
there is a voltage across that load characterized by both the
unaltered directions of current, and its now altered magnitude of
current.

Fifth - this is called Differential Mode voltage in anticipation of a
common modality.

This completes the discussion of the Differential Mode.

If we expand upon this simple model of a source, two wires, and a load
and put it into the context of life as we know it; then the circuit
operates in the proximity of ground. *By convention, ground is called
Common.

Ground, by convention is an infinite sink of charge of infinite
extent. *Hence as a conductor, it is available everywhere - Common.
This ground may have either deliberate or accidental conductive
relationships to the Differential Circuit.

First - the linkage of ground to the differential circuit can be
through an Ohmic path, or by an inductive path, or by a capacitive
path. *To support conduction, the circuit must contain two conductive
paths to ground through any combination of these linkages, and that
path must be complete. *The apparent source driving conduction through
that path will be a combination of the differential source and the
differential load as each will have some relationship to ground. *

Second - *those two conductive paths, if viewed at a remote point
where they are joined, have equal and opposite paths of current
conduction - to and from that point. *This is from Kirchoff's law of
currents. *

Third - this is called Common Mode current.

Fourth - as the differential circuit is original and establishes both
the source and the load; then through the introduction of ground, this
Common Mode current is mixed with the original Differential Current
and analysis must be performed by substitutions to separate them.

Fifth - the apparent source presents the Common Mode voltage.

This completes the discussion of Common Mode.

The applications of a choke to either circuit is commonplace to
control each mode's current. *It would appear through the context of
discussion in other threads that there is some confusion in what is
being choked, and how a choke is properly applied is confounded by
that confusion.

It follows that if the transmission line from the source to load
suffers from Common Mode currents, that this must be due to a Common
Mode voltage gradient extending from the source to the load. *If
either lead of that transmission line pair were choked, this would
disrupt the Differential Mode. *If both leads of the transmission line
pair were independently choked, this would only double the disruption.
However, if both leads were choked in parallel (both lines either
coiled as a pair rather than individually, or both lines penetrate a
lossy core) then their fields would be contained between them in the
Differential Mode, but their Common Mode path (they both share equal
conduction in the same direction due to the Common Mode voltage
gradient) will be snubbed.

Some BalUns employ these techniques - some don't. *BalUns fail by the
degree that they don't when Common Mode, as a problem, is injected
into the circuit through imbalances. *As balance in the proximity of
earth and many confounding nearby structures is a forgone failure,
choking is a practical necessity for correct BalUn performance. *Any
issues of BalUn heatings are proof of this choking necessity, and
further proof of the demand for additional choking at that point (and
frequently elsewhere at wavelength relationships along the affected
line).

73's
Richard Clark, KB7QHC

Let me put it this way (again very simplifed): How do you explain a
residential 208V power source where you have 120 V from line 1 and
line 2 to ground but 240V with respect to each other. You 240V
household appliances operate this way. Ecept for the fact that the
lines are 120 degrees out of phase phase (insread of 180 because we
use a delta system instead of Y, but this is not that important for
this discussion) this is nearly a BALANCED feed, where lines 1 and 2
degrees out of phase at 60 Hz and the voltage of interest is the
summation of the two lines. Nearly every home in the USA operates this
way. In Europe, 240 V is usually obtained by the voltage difference
between line 1 (240V) and earth (0V). That is an unbalanced feed. You
can insert a 1:1 isolation transformer using the European system at
the input and create the balanced USA system at the output by drawing
+120 and -120 at from the output windings assigning imaginary isolated
earth at centertap. The isolated ground CANNOT conduct tio real ground
if the winding to winding impedance is infinity. Basically, hams' 1:1
baluns do much the same thing: They isolate the real ground as such
and prevent currents from flowing down the input ground shield. On
this ng in a short space I cannot think of a simpler way to express
this although I expect to see many statements (you can't equate 60Hz
to RF!). Yes you can; a transformer operates as a transformer in the
same wayat any frequency providing you design it properly for the
frequency of interest. This subject is not nearly so complicated as
some in this group makes it out to be and the topic certainly does not
rate articles in amateur publications any more than basic application
of ohm's law does.