Copied for interest from another newsgroup.

The performance of a single-transistor pulse (harmonic)-generator is covered
in program HARM_GEN now available from website below in a few seconds. Easy
to run.

The manner in which the amplitude of the harmonics 1 to 30 vary with
frequency and with operating angle (pulse width) are shown.

In general, with a very short pulse width, as the harmonic number increases,
the harmonic output level falls fairly slowly and uniformly. But as pulse
width (operating angle) increases then some harmonics almost disappear from
the spectrum. The program displays harmonic levels in decibels.

Fourier, that great French mathematician/philosopher wuz right! I think he
missed the tumbril and Madame guillotine.

Download program HARM_GEN now. It might be useful one day.
----
.................................................. ..........
Regards from Reg, G4FGQ
For Free Radio Design Software go to
http://www.btinternet.com/~g4fgq.regp
.................................................. ..........

Why would varying the pulse width without changing the characteristics of
the pulse transitions (rise/fall) affect the harmonic content of the pulse?
No bandwidth and no harmonics at all are produced by the constant DC level
of the pulse before and after each transition.

Wouldn't the harmonic structure and bandwidth needed to produce/reproduce a
pulse be related only to the rise and fall times of that pulse, and the
transition shapes (sin^2, etc), and be independent of the width (time)
between the transitions?

RF

Visit http://rfry.org for FM broadcast RF system papers.

"Richard Fry" wrote in message
...
Why would varying the pulse width without changing the characteristics of
the pulse transitions (rise/fall) affect the harmonic content of the
pulse?
No bandwidth and no harmonics at all are produced by the constant DC level
of the pulse before and after each transition.

Wouldn't the harmonic structure and bandwidth needed to produce/reproduce
a
pulse be related only to the rise and fall times of that pulse, and the
transition shapes (sin^2, etc), and be independent of the width (time)
between the transitions?
============================

The shape of the pulse, the width of the pulse, the time interval between
pulses, all affect the harmonic frequency spectrum. They act both
independently and in conjunction with each other.

The best way to grasp what happens is to calculate the amplitudes of the
series of harmonics which result from several different shaped pulses, of
different pulse widths, spaced at different intervals.

In particular, you will find that varying the ratio of pulse width to
spacing results in some of the harmonics virtually disappearing in
amplitude.

You can also graphically reconstruct pulses and waveshapes but excluding
harmonics beyond the N'th to see what happens.

You will need a good book which gives the amplitudes and phases of the
harmonic sinewave terms in the infinite series of a selection pulse shapes.

Or you can construct a harmonic generator and examine its output with a
spectrum analyser.

Fascinating if you have the time to spare.

Reg Edwards wrote
The shape of the pulse, the width of the pulse, the time interval
between pulses, all affect the harmonic frequency spectrum.
They act both independently and in conjunction with each other.
________________

Please explain the reason why the bandwidth characteristics needed to
generate a single transition from one DC level to another is different than
when repeating that same transition any number of times before or after.

RF

I'm sorry. I do not understand your question. Perhaps someone else could
have a go.

----------------------------------------


"Richard Fry" wrote in message
...
Reg Edwards wrote
The shape of the pulse, the width of the pulse, the time interval
between pulses, all affect the harmonic frequency spectrum.
They act both independently and in conjunction with each other.
________________

Please explain the reason why the bandwidth characteristics needed to
generate a single transition from one DC level to another is different
than
when repeating that same transition any number of times before or after.

RF

"Richard Fry" writes:

Reg Edwards wrote
The shape of the pulse, the width of the pulse, the time interval
between pulses, all affect the harmonic frequency spectrum.
They act both independently and in conjunction with each other.
________________

Please explain the reason why the bandwidth characteristics needed to
generate a single transition from one DC level to another is different than
when repeating that same transition any number of times before or after.

One way to look at it is to consider the harmonics produced by all the
rising edges, and spearately consider the harmonics produced by the
falling edges. Both contain all of the harmonics, but since they are
displaced in phase, some of them get cancelled.

Obvious example: a square wave contains only odd harmonics.

Regards,
Allen WA0OHE
--
Allen Windhorn (507) 345-2782 FAX (507) 345-2805
Kato Engineering (Though I do not speak for Kato)
P.O. Box 8447, N. Mankato, MN 56002

"Allen Windhorn" wrote:

One way to look at it is to consider the harmonics produced by all the
rising edges, and spearately consider the harmonics produced by the
falling edges. Both contain all of the harmonics, but since they are
displaced in phase, some of them get cancelled.

Obvious example: a square wave contains only odd harmonics.
________________

Would that not require the components of rising edges to be time-coincident
with a trailing edges? How could that occur when the these transitions
occur at different times?

RF

Visit http://rfry.org for FM broadcast RF system papers.

Richard,

Lets look at a real case. A 7 MHz square wave contains no energy at 14 MHz.
Now change the duty cycle so that the signal is ON for 25% and OFF for 75%
of the time. Now you have energy at 14 MHz. One way to look at what we have
done is to think of the 25/75 signal as being a 1/2 cycle of 14 MHz every 2
cycles of 14 MHz. Obviously, the rise and fall times have to be short enough
to transmit these narrower pulses. The faster the rise and fall times, the
more higher frequencies you get.

Tam/WB2TT
"Richard Fry" wrote in message
...
Reg Edwards wrote
The shape of the pulse, the width of the pulse, the time interval
between pulses, all affect the harmonic frequency spectrum.
They act both independently and in conjunction with each other.
________________

Please explain the reason why the bandwidth characteristics needed to
generate a single transition from one DC level to another is different
than
when repeating that same transition any number of times before or after.

RF

Richard Fry wrote:
"Please explain the reason why the bandwidth characteristics needed to
generate a single transistion from one DC level to another is different
than when repeating that same transition any number of times before or
after."

No answer from Reg Edwards has appeared on my screen and it`s 6 hours
later in England than in the central U.S.A., so Reg may be sleeping.

The transitions are likely quite similar from one repetition to the next
but more is involved. It`s true that the shorter the length of the
pulse, the higher the efficiency of the harmonic generator. It is also
true that there is an optimum pulse length for maximum output at the
harmonic frequency. Pulse duration as well as on-off transition times
are involved. Output of a harmonic generator is a multiple of the pulse
frequency.

Terman has harmonic generator information starting on page 473 of his
1955 edition. This is slanted toward Hollow-State devices which were
still dominant at the time.

Best regards, Richard Harrison, KB5WZI

On Mon, 22 Mar 2004 21:51:26 -0600 (CST),
(Richard Harrison) wrote:

Richard Fry wrote:
"Please explain the reason why the bandwidth characteristics needed to
generate a single transistion from one DC level to another is different
than when repeating that same transition any number of times before or
after."


Hi Richard (KB5WZI),

I liked your Hollow state reference, and it exposes how inordinately
complex such a topic becomes (what has it got to do with antennas
anyway? The ennui of bored continentals...). For decades, equipment
has subsisted quite well with the 1/10/100 KC XTAL marker generator
that pushed harmonics out through to the 10M band. Even simpler is a
Zener operating at its knee region of conduction with the entire
bandwidth awash in its wall-to-wall RF trash. Even the NE-2 does as
well. Tarting it up with poor illustrations of Fourier math (which
are actually FFTs) serves no better application.

Gee fellows, if we must ponder this math try analyzing a Chirp
function, or a ramp, or sawtooth, or sweep, or a damped sine. I think
the square wave and variants has been suitably covered. Try a 359
degree sine wave and discover the trash it leaves behind.

73's
Richard Clark, KB7QHC