"Brian Kelly" wrote
Gary Schafer wrote
No that won't do much good. If you ground the coax shield to the tower
where it bends away from the tower you will have a much better (lower
inductance) to ground with the tower than what the wire would provide.
The wire would do almost no good at all when compared to the much
larger tower in parallel.

This is correct, and why I mentioned even 6" was "too much".

It can be
significant. Especially on a smaller tower.

It took a few seconds to get your point but yes, it's a matter of how
far up the tower the coax departs the tower as a percentage of the
tower height.

The last was not a correct assumption. The distance across a conductor (and
in this case it is also the distance to ground) is what allows inductance to
create deadly voltage potentials. Any conductor in series with a lightning
strike will exhibit the same characteristics. 6" above ground near the base
of a tower can translate to as much as 9800v above ground, with just modest
assumptions of a very average return stroke current of 25Ka with a rise time
of 40Ka/usec. It has no bearing whatsoever how tall or short the tower is.
It's not long (or high above ground) before you could see over 100,000v
potential develop where coax leaves any tower too soon.

Bury it along with the
cables. That will give you more contact with the earth as well as
tying the grounds together.

The wire will be there but I doubt that I'll be able to bury it.

Burying a grounding electrode conductor is normally a code requirement. But
that is not what you have in connecting the tower ground system to the
station ground, AC mains ground, etc. Those are bonding conductors, and they
are in many cases required to be insulated. Not in this case, but I want you
to understand the difference between grounding, voltage division from many
grounds, and a bonding conductor between your station and the tower. The
latter is to maintain equipotential, and will not carry more than just
equalizing currents. It will be well within the capability of a #6 insulated
wire, should you choose to use that. Personally I would go a little larger
but #6 is as largest that NEC or NFPA recommend for a bond in *most* cases.
So burying the bonding conductor is not a requirement, although to protect
it that is exactly what most facilities do. Neither will burying coax
feedlines help in lightning protection, unless you are counting on them by
design to be grounding electrode conductors! Pretty foolish but heh, if
someone tosses feedlines out a window, they may as well short them to a
ground rod and "bring it on". In that case any more than about 5,000v will
breakdown the dialectric both inside and outside the coax, and anything
nearby may be the next target before it ever reaches the ground rod.

The good news is that the soil is eternally damp highly conductive
dark loam . .

Gary K4FMX

That is very good news, and it makes your job easier. But good soil or poor
soil, understanding what bonding provides is equally if not more important
than having a ground rod at all. To rest on the laurels of highly conductive
soil and ignore bonding, would be inviting disaster. Yes commercial tower
design does require many shield "bonds" along the height of towers, but as I
said, I applied a reasonable approach which the average short tower or
mast-only owner could and would be likely to comply with - bonding at the
top, bottom and station entrance. I suspect few go even that far.

You may or may not be interested in all the surge protection diatribe in my
website, but it's there because so many unfortunate souls were mislead in
this area. I do think you might benefit from it's coverage of what bonding
does to protect both you and your station, and it is a lot harder for most
to get a hold of then simple mast or tower grounding. It doesn't have to be.

http://members.cox.net/pc-usa/station/ground0.htm

73,
Jack Painter
Virginia Beach, VA

On Sun, 21 Nov 2004 23:06:45 -0500, "Jack Painter"
wrote:


"Brian Kelly" wrote
Gary Schafer wrote
No that won't do much good. If you ground the coax shield to the tower
where it bends away from the tower you will have a much better (lower
inductance) to ground with the tower than what the wire would provide.
The wire would do almost no good at all when compared to the much
larger tower in parallel.

This is correct, and why I mentioned even 6" was "too much".

It can be
significant. Especially on a smaller tower.

It took a few seconds to get your point but yes, it's a matter of how
far up the tower the coax departs the tower as a percentage of the
tower height.

The last was not a correct assumption. The distance across a conductor (and
in this case it is also the distance to ground) is what allows inductance to
create deadly voltage potentials. Any conductor in series with a lightning
strike will exhibit the same characteristics. 6" above ground near the base
of a tower can translate to as much as 9800v above ground, with just modest
assumptions of a very average return stroke current of 25Ka with a rise time
of 40Ka/usec. It has no bearing whatsoever how tall or short the tower is.
It's not long (or high above ground) before you could see over 100,000v
potential develop where coax leaves any tower too soon.

A little clarification here. When I said "smaller tower" I was not
necessarily referring to a shorter tower but one that has less surface
area. (smaller face)

The main consideration is the distance up from ground that the cables
leave the tower.

A lightning strike is a constant current source. If it is a 20ka
strike the voltage across whatever it hits is going to raise high
enough to conduct 20ka. If you have a low impedance conductor (tower)
the voltage developed across it will be less than it would be on a
high impedance tower (smaller face tower).

That is why large communication towers have less problems with lines
coming off at higher points on the tower. More of the strike current
makes it to ground via the tower with the larger surface it has.

Leaving the tower at some height above ground with the cables is still
a division of the voltage like a voltage divider. The higher up you
are the higher the voltage you will see with respect to ground. But
what determines what that actual voltage goes to is the amount of
strike current and the amount of inductance between the cable exit
point and ground. Of course the cables leaving the tower will also
carry part of the current too.


Bury it along with the
cables. That will give you more contact with the earth as well as
tying the grounds together.

The wire will be there but I doubt that I'll be able to bury it.

Burying a grounding electrode conductor is normally a code requirement. But
that is not what you have in connecting the tower ground system to the
station ground, AC mains ground, etc. Those are bonding conductors, and they
are in many cases required to be insulated. Not in this case, but I want you
to understand the difference between grounding, voltage division from many
grounds, and a bonding conductor between your station and the tower. The
latter is to maintain equipotential, and will not carry more than just
equalizing currents. It will be well within the capability of a #6 insulated
wire, should you choose to use that. Personally I would go a little larger
but #6 is as largest that NEC or NFPA recommend for a bond in *most* cases.
So burying the bonding conductor is not a requirement, although to protect
it that is exactly what most facilities do. Neither will burying coax
feedlines help in lightning protection, unless you are counting on them by
design to be grounding electrode conductors! Pretty foolish but heh, if
someone tosses feedlines out a window, they may as well short them to a
ground rod and "bring it on". In that case any more than about 5,000v will
breakdown the dialectric both inside and outside the coax, and anything
nearby may be the next target before it ever reaches the ground rod.


It doesn't matter what you want to call a ground conductor. The point
here is if it can carry any lightning current you are much better off
with it buried in the ground. A bare ground conductor making contact
with the soil acts like additional ground rods. Why would you not want
that?

Burying coax feed lines will help with lightning protection. It
greatly increases the inductance of the lines to lightning. It also
helps to dissipate the energy to ground by the coupling provided. (ie
you get less at the other end)

You can't help but view them as "grounding electrode conductors" as
you may want to call them. After all they are connected to the tower.
They are going to carry lightning current if you want them to or not.
Might as well let them dissipate part of the energy to earth.

A large part of the lightning is RF. You have to treat it as such.

A good lightning ground also makes a very good antenna ground system.
( buried radial system) Think in those terms.

73
Gary K4FMX


The good news is that the soil is eternally damp highly conductive
dark loam . .

Gary K4FMX

That is very good news, and it makes your job easier. But good soil or poor
soil, understanding what bonding provides is equally if not more important
than having a ground rod at all. To rest on the laurels of highly conductive
soil and ignore bonding, would be inviting disaster. Yes commercial tower
design does require many shield "bonds" along the height of towers, but as I
said, I applied a reasonable approach which the average short tower or
mast-only owner could and would be likely to comply with - bonding at the
top, bottom and station entrance. I suspect few go even that far.

You may or may not be interested in all the surge protection diatribe in my
website, but it's there because so many unfortunate souls were mislead in
this area. I do think you might benefit from it's coverage of what bonding
does to protect both you and your station, and it is a lot harder for most
to get a hold of then simple mast or tower grounding. It doesn't have to be.

http://members.cox.net/pc-usa/station/ground0.htm

73,
Jack Painter
Virginia Beach, VA

"Gary Schafer" wrote
It doesn't matter what you want to call a ground conductor. The point
here is if it can carry any lightning current you are much better off
with it buried in the ground. A bare ground conductor making contact
with the soil acts like additional ground rods. Why would you not want
that?

Burying coax feed lines will help with lightning protection. It
greatly increases the inductance of the lines to lightning. It also
helps to dissipate the energy to ground by the coupling provided. (ie
you get less at the other end)

You can't help but view them as "grounding electrode conductors" as
you may want to call them. After all they are connected to the tower.
They are going to carry lightning current if you want them to or not.
Might as well let them dissipate part of the energy to earth.

A large part of the lightning is RF. You have to treat it as such.

A good lightning ground also makes a very good antenna ground system.
( buried radial system) Think in those terms.

73
Gary K4FMX

Hi Gary, the coax feedlines are definitely NOT grounding electrode
conductors. Not only are they incapable of such by design and accordingly
not authorized as grounding conductors, but they could never remain
connected to sensitive equipment if it were so. Neither is the shielding on
coax sufficient to provide equipotential bonding so they are not allowable
bonding conductors either. If anyone wants to sacrifice their coax by not
properly shield-grounding and installing the appropriate number of coax
lightning arrestors (this means on the tower also) then they will turn them
into very ineffective grounding conductors. Burying might help then, but
only because you could guarantee a breakdown in the dialectric and where
safer to have that happen than underground. I understand many operators
allow this and simply toss them out the window, or ground them before a
storm, but there is no good reason for it. Proper installation can allow
them to remain connected to the equipment without sacrificing the coax or
the equipment. Burying coax does not prevent induction by either capacitive
or magnetic induction onto the shields of the coax from a nearby strike. If
coax were enclosed in metal conduit that was grounded at each end, there
would be protection from this. But proper installation of shield grounding
and surge suppression at both ends maintains safe levels of energy on the
feedline and allows its connection to sensitive equipment.Of course in rare
cases there is sufficient energy (such as a 200Ka+ return stroke current) to
overcome any level of protection. But protected stations will certainly fare
a lot better in those rare events than the unprotected ones.

73,
Jack Painter
Virginia Beach VA

On Mon, 22 Nov 2004 19:26:16 -0500, "Jack Painter"
wrote:

"Gary Schafer" wrote
It doesn't matter what you want to call a ground conductor. The point
here is if it can carry any lightning current you are much better off
with it buried in the ground. A bare ground conductor making contact
with the soil acts like additional ground rods. Why would you not want
that?

Burying coax feed lines will help with lightning protection. It
greatly increases the inductance of the lines to lightning. It also
helps to dissipate the energy to ground by the coupling provided. (ie
you get less at the other end)

You can't help but view them as "grounding electrode conductors" as
you may want to call them. After all they are connected to the tower.
They are going to carry lightning current if you want them to or not.
Might as well let them dissipate part of the energy to earth.

A large part of the lightning is RF. You have to treat it as such.

A good lightning ground also makes a very good antenna ground system.
( buried radial system) Think in those terms.

73
Gary K4FMX

Hi Gary, the coax feedlines are definitely NOT grounding electrode
conductors. Not only are they incapable of such by design and accordingly
not authorized as grounding conductors, but they could never remain
connected to sensitive equipment if it were so. Neither is the shielding on
coax sufficient to provide equipotential bonding so they are not allowable
bonding conductors either. If anyone wants to sacrifice their coax by not
properly shield-grounding and installing the appropriate number of coax
lightning arrestors (this means on the tower also) then they will turn them
into very ineffective grounding conductors. Burying might help then, but
only because you could guarantee a breakdown in the dialectric and where
safer to have that happen than underground. I understand many operators
allow this and simply toss them out the window, or ground them before a
storm, but there is no good reason for it. Proper installation can allow
them to remain connected to the equipment without sacrificing the coax or
the equipment. Burying coax does not prevent induction by either capacitive
or magnetic induction onto the shields of the coax from a nearby strike. If
coax were enclosed in metal conduit that was grounded at each end, there
would be protection from this. But proper installation of shield grounding
and surge suppression at both ends maintains safe levels of energy on the
feedline and allows its connection to sensitive equipment.Of course in rare
cases there is sufficient energy (such as a 200Ka+ return stroke current) to
overcome any level of protection. But protected stations will certainly fare
a lot better in those rare events than the unprotected ones.

73,
Jack Painter
Virginia Beach VA



What isolates the shield of the coax from carrying current?
As long as it is connected to the tower at one end it is going to have
strike current on it whether you want it there or not. Nothing you can
do about it. Paralleling other conductors will reduce it's total
current but you still have to deal with it on the coax line.

If you don't want to call the coax shield a grounding conductor that's
ok but that won't stop the current on it.

Who told you that you should put lightning protectors at the tower as
well as at the building entrance? What good do you think they do at
the tower other than cost more money?


If you use a radial system for a ground at the tower or several ground
rods, the coax run under ground can do the same thing as a radial as
far as dissipating part of the energy. Having a buried radial rather
than one run in the air lets the ground soak up a lot more energy if
it is buried. There will be much less energy at the far end of a
buried radial than one run in the air. A radial run in the air will
dissipate little energy to the ground.

With buried coax the ground acts like a large choke on the cable also.
Exactly what you want. The ground increases the cables natural
inductance.

This is the same reason that long radials are not as effective as more
shorter ones in dissipating lightning energy. The inductance of the
long wire gets too high and becomes less effective as a conductor.

If you don't think that buried cables helps reduce lightning energy at
the other end try running a single insulated feed wire for your long
wire antenna underground. See how much attenuation it provides to the
signals.
Burying the coax does the same thing for part of the lightning energy.

73
Gary K4FMX

"Gary Schafer" wrote
What isolates the shield of the coax from carrying current?
As long as it is connected to the tower at one end it is going to have
strike current on it whether you want it there or not. Nothing you can
do about it. Paralleling other conductors will reduce it's total
current but you still have to deal with it on the coax line.

Incorrect. First, a strike termination device is placed higher than other
equipment with its own down conductor. Then a lightning arrestor and shield
bonding are specified at the top of the tower, shield bonding along the path
(up to three times) and at the bottom, then more shield grounding and
another lightning arrestor at the facility entrance.

If you don't want to call the coax shield a grounding conductor that's
ok but that won't stop the current on it.

Current is maintained at a safe level on the coax center conductor and
shielding by the above.

Who told you that you should put lightning protectors at the tower as
well as at the building entrance? What good do you think they do at
the tower other than cost more money?

National telecommunication companies who specify them in white papers and
engineering plans for lightning protection. I have been studying these
systems for 18 months now and find this procedure consistently applied. The
specific information is proprietary but all I had to do was ask for it. I
found the information available via the USAF and other agencies I normally
deal with was somewhat old, so I started asking commercial companies what
they currently use, and could I have copies of their plans. That's where
this information comes from. That and the National Electrical Code and
National Fire Protection Association, October 2004 editions. Studying the
NEC 250 grounding and bonding and the NFPA-780 offers more information to
safely operate communication sequipment, especially during thunderstorms,
than all the amatuer radio operators advice put together. Most of the
amatuers giving this advice have no personal understanding of why or how
this works, they just repeat stories or instructions they heard from someone
else. Probably the biggest collection of dangerous information ever shared
is what hams offer about lightning protection. Even the ARRL which makes an
incredible effort to educate at the issue, has information so old in many
cases it has not been used in best available practice for over ten years.

With buried coax the ground acts like a large choke on the cable also.
Exactly what you want. The ground increases the cables natural
inductance.
/clipped

Your mistaken on this stuff Gary, we either shed or prevent lightning energy
from coax by shield grounding, surge protection devices and sometimes
encasement in grounded conduit. No plan or specification calls for
earth-burying coax to deliver what you promise, and I believe your theory is
electrically impossible, unless as I said over and over, the dialectric
breakdown occurs, which means the installation was improper in the first
place, or overcome by statistically rare events.

73,
Jack Painter
Virginia Beach VA

On Mon, 22 Nov 2004 22:42:20 -0500, "Jack Painter"
wrote:

"Gary Schafer" wrote
What isolates the shield of the coax from carrying current?
As long as it is connected to the tower at one end it is going to have
strike current on it whether you want it there or not. Nothing you can
do about it. Paralleling other conductors will reduce it's total
current but you still have to deal with it on the coax line.

Incorrect. First, a strike termination device is placed higher than other
equipment with its own down conductor. Then a lightning arrestor and shield
bonding are specified at the top of the tower, shield bonding along the path
(up to three times) and at the bottom, then more shield grounding and
another lightning arrestor at the facility entrance.

If you don't want to call the coax shield a grounding conductor that's
ok but that won't stop the current on it.

Current is maintained at a safe level on the coax center conductor and
shielding by the above.

Who told you that you should put lightning protectors at the tower as
well as at the building entrance? What good do you think they do at
the tower other than cost more money?

National telecommunication companies who specify them in white papers and
engineering plans for lightning protection. I have been studying these
systems for 18 months now and find this procedure consistently applied. The
specific information is proprietary but all I had to do was ask for it. I
found the information available via the USAF and other agencies I normally
deal with was somewhat old, so I started asking commercial companies what
they currently use, and could I have copies of their plans. That's where
this information comes from. That and the National Electrical Code and
National Fire Protection Association, October 2004 editions. Studying the
NEC 250 grounding and bonding and the NFPA-780 offers more information to
safely operate communication sequipment, especially during thunderstorms,
than all the amatuer radio operators advice put together. Most of the
amatuers giving this advice have no personal understanding of why or how
this works, they just repeat stories or instructions they heard from someone
else. Probably the biggest collection of dangerous information ever shared
is what hams offer about lightning protection. Even the ARRL which makes an
incredible effort to educate at the issue, has information so old in many
cases it has not been used in best available practice for over ten years.

With buried coax the ground acts like a large choke on the cable also.
Exactly what you want. The ground increases the cables natural
inductance.
/clipped

Your mistaken on this stuff Gary, we either shed or prevent lightning energy
from coax by shield grounding, surge protection devices and sometimes
encasement in grounded conduit. No plan or specification calls for
earth-burying coax to deliver what you promise, and I believe your theory is
electrically impossible, unless as I said over and over, the dialectric
breakdown occurs, which means the installation was improper in the first
place, or overcome by statistically rare events.

73,
Jack Painter
Virginia Beach VA


Jack,

I don't think you really understand all you are reading. It sounds
like you are digging up stuff designed to sell a lot of protection
devices.

As far as the NEC requiring grounding and bonding of structures, They
want to be sure that there is a continuous bond on things they are
concerned with. They don't always consider what they are grounding.

Do you really think that placing a down conductor of #6 wire on a
tower with a 6 or 8 foot face (big tower) is going to make any
difference in the impedance path that the lightning is going to see.
Each leg may be 2 or 3" in diameter itself. The impedance of the tower
will be so much lower than that wire. The lightning won't know the
difference whether that wire is there or not.

Even if the added down conductor did carry a large part of the current
it would get coupled to the tower anyway before it reached the bottom.
That is what happens to the coax lines in reverse. Any energy that the
tower is carrying is coupled to the coax lines whether they are
grounded to the tower or not. You ground them at multiple points to
prevent flashovers between the lines and the tower.

You can not keep the lightning energy off the coax lines or any other
lines coming down the tower. They are all mutual. When those lines
leave the tower at the bottom they are going to have some energy on
them unless you have a perfect ground at the bottom of the tower.

A grounded antenna will keep voltage levels on the center conductor at
a safe level. No need for a protection device at the top.

I agree that there is a lot of mis-information on lightning floating
around. But don't cut all the hams short either. Some of them have
lots of experience in this area.
Think about what you read rather than taking in mounds of propaganda
and repeating it.

Do you think that you can bury the feed wire for your long wire
antenna and have it work very well? What do you think will happen to
the RF on it? Will it make it all the way back to your receiver the
same as it would if it were above ground?

73
Gary K4FMX

Just a few thoughts on the subject.

Lightning conductors are most accurately modelled as DC to HF transmission
lines - which indeed is what they are.

In addition to resistance they posses inductance, capacitance, a Zo and
propagation constants depending on length and diameter. It takes time for a
stroke to propagate down and along a set of conductors. It arrives at
different times at different places in the system.

The generator is a high impedance, pulsed current source of so many
thousands of amps. The voltage developed between a conductor, another
conductor, and what's in its environment is Zo times the stroke current.
Volts can leap across gaps.

Once in the ground current travels at a much slower velocity than along a
wire. Voltages developed depend on arrival times at different places. A
ground rod is a short length of line.

Frequencies of 100's of kilohertz are involved. Even reflected volts and
currents occur. Ground conductivity can be allowed for.

Very crude approximations are involved. Nevertheless, any information about
behaviour DURING a strike is better than none. It may be a matter of life
and death.

It would be interesting to calculate, for a given strike current, the
difference in voltage between the front and rear legs of a cow standing near
to and facing a grounded antenna mast.

Radio hams, presumably endowed with more common sense, can always wear
rubber boots while walking around their backyards carrying a field-strength
meter in thunder storms.
----
Reg, G4FGQ

Just another thought -

If a resourceful ham has no rubber boots he can always stand on one leg and
hop.
---
Reg

Gary,

As far as the NEC requiring grounding and bonding of structures, They
want to be sure that there is a continuous bond on things they are
concerned with. They don't always consider what they are grounding.

Do you really think that placing a down conductor of #6 wire on a
tower with a 6 or 8 foot face (big tower) is going to make any
difference in the impedance path that the lightning is going to see.

I never suggested such a silly thing! You mistake an earlier reference I
made to a bonding conductor. Down conductors are sized according to code
standards which provides a minimum for given elevation categories. 3/0 wire
which is close to 1/2" in dia is the largest reqirement in NEC sizing table
250.66. In telecommunication applications, down conductors are normally
sized to equal or exceed the size of the feed lines, and this means larger
sizing yet. It's bonding conductors that burying usually serves no purpose
except protection. One bond that is an exception is the station ground to
utility entrance ground - that bond will carry ground potential rise current
that hopefully bypasses the power connection at the back of station
equipment. It must remain low impedance and high current capability, so
additional ground rods are required along that bond if farther than 20'.
Don't sell the NEC short. NFPA, which oversees the National Electrical Code,
doesn't specify maximum protection, it specifies minimum protection
standards. Industry does better where it sees cost benefit from doing so.

Even if the added down conductor did carry a large part of the current
it would get coupled to the tower anyway before it reached the bottom.
That is what happens to the coax lines in reverse. Any energy that the
tower is carrying is coupled to the coax lines whether they are
grounded to the tower or not. You ground them at multiple points to
prevent flashovers between the lines and the tower.

Actually this is bonding Gary, an important distinction to understand. A
device is only grounded at a grounding electrode. All other connections are
bonding for equipotential, to minimize voltage differences. The principles
of bonding are not taught in the amateur radio or any other communications
hobby. Only electrical enginners, electricians, and anyone who studies the
electrical code and reference materials on bonding and grounding will
understand this. It's hard to even communicate about lightning protection
until the basics of protection by equipotential are understood, and this
doesn't come from a casual read or anything learned in ham-world postings.
At least not from what I've seen, which is about everything a search engine
can find.


You can not keep the lightning energy off the coax lines or any other
lines coming down the tower. They are all mutual. When those lines
leave the tower at the bottom they are going to have some energy on
them unless you have a perfect ground at the bottom of the tower.

A grounded antenna will keep voltage levels on the center conductor at
a safe level. No need for a protection device at the top.

I didn't write the specifications that major companies are using, and
neither did the companies selling lightning protection, although I agree
there is influence there. Professional Engineers write these to protect
equipment, personnel, and maintain operations, maybe not in that order. If
they specify arrestors at tower tops, they must be trying to avoid damage
that was not protected without them. It is no guarantee that damage is
eliminated by their presence, I'm just relaying their usage - now.


I agree that there is a lot of mis-information on lightning floating
around. But don't cut all the hams short either. Some of them have
lots of experience in this area.

I don't cut all hams short. Richard Harrison (resident guru here on RRA) and
others are thanked on my website for great information, their experiences,
and helpful answers to questions. Many hams provided me with details about
damage to equipment, and their humble honesty cannot be thanked enough. I
have written many the best of the amateur websites discussing grounding and
offered suggestions and references to improve their quality .

Here are a few excerpts you or others may have missed from the NEC:

Article 810.51 of the current NFPA 70, which states in part...

"810.58 Grounding Conductors - Amateur Transmitting and Receiving Stations.

Grounding conductors shall comply with 810.58(A) through (C).

(A) Other Sections. All grounding conductors for amateur transmitting and
receiving stations shall comply with 810.21(A) through (J).

(B) Size of Protective Grounding Conductor. The protective grounding
conductor for transmitting stations shall be as large as the lead-in but not
smaller than 10 AWG copper, bronze, or copper-clad steel.

(C) Size of Operating Grounding Conductor. The operating grounding conductor
for transmitting stations shall not be less than 14 AWG copper or its
equivalent."

and Article 810.15, which states

"810.15 Grounding.

"Masts and metal structures supporting antennas shall be grounded in
accordance with 810.21."

finally, 810.21, which states

"810.21 Grounding Conductors - Receiving Stations.

Grounding conductors shall comply with 810.21(A) through (J).

(A) Material. The grounding conductor shall be of copper, aluminum,
copper-clad steel, bronze, or similar corrosion-resistant material. Aluminum
or copper-clad aluminum grounding conductors shall not be used where in
direct contact with masonry or the earth or where subject to corrosive
conditions. Where used outside, aluminum or copper-clad aluminum shall not
be installed within 450 mm (18 in.) of the earth.

(B) Insulation. Insulation on grounding conductors shall not be required.

(C) Supports. The grounding conductors shall be securely fastened in place
and shall be permitted to be directly attached to the surface wired over
without the use of insulating supports.

Exception: Where proper support cannot be provided, the size of the
grounding conductors shall be increased proportionately.

(D) Mechanical Protection. The grounding conductor shall be protected where
exposed to physical damage, or the size of the grounding conductors shall be
increased proportionately to compensate for the lack of protection. Where
the grounding conductor is run in a metal raceway, both ends of the raceway
shall be bonded to the grounding conductor or to the same terminal or
electrode to which the grounding conductor is connected.

(E) Run in Straight Line. The grounding conductor for an antenna mast or
antenna discharge unit shall be run in as straight a line as practicable
from the mast or discharge unit to the grounding electrode.
/clipped

73,
Jack Painter
Virginia Beach VA

Here is a quote from your previous post where the discussion was about
the tower and lines carrying strike current.

Jack Painter

First, a strike termination device is placed higher than other
equipment with its own down conductor.

Your reply when questioned about placing a down conductor in parallel
with the tower was:
I never suggested such a silly thing! You mistake an earlier reference I made to a bonding conductor.

As far as down conductors go you need to read farther to see what they
are using them for. We are talking about towers here. No down
conductors needed. If you are talking about a building or wooden pole
mounted antenna then that's a different story.

The applications of grounding and bonding principles are not reserved
for an elite society of engineers and electricians as you might like
to think. They are free and available to all. There are no secrets
involved.
Quoting a load of authoritative directives is not a substitute for
understanding.

It is a play of semantics when you say " an important distinction to
understand the difference between bonding and grounding". I would
guess that it does not take too much study to understand that real
ground can not be half way up a tower. So whether you are "bonding" or
"grounding" a cable on a tower, the end result is unmistakably the
same.

It seems that some of the discontinuity may come from lack of basic
understanding of RF principles. Lightning is not just a direct current
event that requires only consideration for high currents.

As far as buried cables go:
I will ask the same question again that you avoided from last time but
instead provided mounds of quotes that do not address the point.

"Do you think that you can bury the feed wire for your long wire
antenna and have it work very well? What do you think will happen to
the RF on it? Will it make it all the way back to your receiver the
same as it would if it were above ground?"

This is a very relevant to "buried coax lines".

73
Gary K4FMX