On 11/25/2011 7:37 AM, BeamMeUpScotty wrote:
On 11/24/2011 11:52 PM, John Smith wrote:
On 11/24/2011 7:07 PM, Bret Cahill wrote:
On Thanksgiving Day, Americans gather with their family and
friends to
celebrate the blessings that Providence has bestowed on their
beloved
country.

A deep appreciation of these blessings involves understanding that
they were earned. It is to understand the awesome truth of how "God
helps those who help themselves" applies to the Mayflower
Pilgrims and
their First Thanksgiving at America's birth.

This is an appreciation and understanding of which those on the Left
are incapable - for it would mean celebrating the capitalist freedom
that made that original Thanksgiving possible. This no liberal, no
Democrat, no leftie can do. Thus they must distort history instead.

The distortion starts in Kindergarten, with the childish
make-believe
of your kid's school play portraying the noble Squanto teaching the
helpless Pilgrims how to feed themselves. So let's drop the curtain
on the distortion and watch the real thing. Here it is.

http://www.ToThePointNews.com/content/view/4762/2/

Written by Dr. Jack Wheelerwww.ToThePointNews.com

Dr. Wheeler needs to know that God help those who can't help
themselves which is what he did on the cross. Man had no hope, but
God intervened and took the penalty for all sin. Now, all man has to
do is believe and he is forgiven of all sin.

The first Thanksgiving was all about giving thanks to God for his
many
blessings he had given the Pilgrims as they crossed the sea and
afterwards when they had established homes in the Cape Cod area. The
first Thanksgiving was a prayfull three day celebration.

What Tracey won't talk about is that the Mayflower Compact prescribed
a socialist style of property distribution and socialist government.

Yep, our once great nation started out as a socialist colony. Both
the early Virginians and the Plymouth settlers subscribed to
socialism.

And it worked.

Separation of church and state got started with the pilgrims.

Bret Cahill

Yet We have settled for keeping the Federal government out of
religion.....

The word *separate* is NOT used in the constitution to describe the
relationship between government and religion.

Just the more powerful term "establishment."


Bret Cahill



Oh, I think "we" have ... take marriage for example, given to Adam and
Eve by God ... the government simply has no right to redefine it ... and

Yes they do ignore the constitution that tells government to stay out of
the "business" of religion. My point was that "we" The People decided in
the constitution that "congress shall NOT establish a National religion"
but there is NOTHING written in the constitution saying that religions
can't be present in government.

The constitution powers/laws limit government, they're NOT there to
limit religion.

Absolutely obvious, good summation ...

Regards,
JS
The calendar says 2011, the heart says 1776!

"BeamMeUpScotty" wrote in message
...

*Amendment I*
["Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof"]


How did *CONGRESS* pass that law that bans religion in a school?
Congress is clearly told NOT to pass laws that limit/ban religious
expression. I see Nothing that limits the States power or ability to
ban prayer in schools, but *CONGRESS* did it unconstitutionally instead.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I don't remember CONgress having anything to do with banning prayer in
schools. IIRC, it was a SCOTUS decision in the case of Madelyn Murray O'Hare
in 1963.

George HW Bush Pukes in Japan, he had vomited and then slid to the floor,
thrown up at his seat just before collapsing, rolled his head to the left,
and was clearly fainting before being helped to the floor, actual moment of
puke was only shown once on US television, Bush recovering from having
emptied his stomach contents, the president experienced sudden, violent
gastric distress, vomited - as the
news reports put it - "copiously"

On Nov 25, 10:37*am, BeamMeUpScotty
wrote:
On 11/24/2011 11:52 PM, John Smith wrote:





On 11/24/2011 7:07 PM, Bret Cahill wrote:
On Thanksgiving Day, Americans gather with their family and
friends to
celebrate the blessings that Providence has bestowed on their
beloved
country.

A deep appreciation of these blessings involves understanding that
they were earned. *It is to understand the awesome truth of how "God
helps those who help themselves" applies to the Mayflower
Pilgrims and
their First Thanksgiving at America's birth.

This is an appreciation and understanding of which those on the Left
are incapable - for it would mean celebrating the capitalist freedom
that made that original Thanksgiving possible. *This no liberal, no
Democrat, no leftie can do. *Thus they must distort history instead.

The distortion starts in Kindergarten, with the childish
make-believe
of your kid's school play portraying the noble Squanto teaching the
helpless Pilgrims how to feed themselves. *So let's drop the curtain
on the distortion and watch the real thing. *Here it is.

http://www.ToThePointNews.com/content/view/4762/2/

Written by Dr. Jack Wheelerwww.ToThePointNews.com

Dr. Wheeler needs to know that God help those who can't help
themselves which is what he did on the cross. *Man had no hope, but
God intervened and took the penalty for all sin. *Now, all man has to
do is believe and he is forgiven of all sin.

The first Thanksgiving was all about giving thanks to God for his
many
blessings he had given the Pilgrims as they crossed the sea and
afterwards when they had established homes in the Cape Cod area. *The
first Thanksgiving was a prayfull three day celebration.

What Tracey won't talk about is that the Mayflower Compact prescribed
a socialist style of property distribution and socialist government..

Yep, our once great nation started out as a socialist colony. *Both
the early Virginians and the Plymouth settlers subscribed to
socialism.

And it worked.

Separation of church and state got started with the pilgrims.

Bret Cahill

Yet We have settled for keeping the Federal government out of
religion.....

The word *separate* is NOT used in the constitution to describe the
relationship between government and religion.

Just the more powerful term "establishment."

Bret Cahill

Oh, I think "we" have ... take marriage for example, given to Adam and
Eve by God ... the government simply has no right to redefine it ... and

Yes they do ignore the constitution that tells government to stay out of
the "business" of religion. My point was that "we" The People decided in
the constitution that "congress shall NOT establish a National religion"
*but there is NOTHING written in the constitution saying that religions
can't be present in government.

The constitution powers/laws limit government, they're NOT there to
limit religion.- Hide quoted text -

The constitution defines the govenment and endows the various branches
of government, state and federal, with certain powers. The definition
and powers division were drafted at the contitutional convention and
ratified by all the states. The Bill of Rights limits the exercise of
governmental power somewhat, but, then, so did the Magna Carta.

Religion appears twice in the constitution. Once in Article VI, "The
Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the
several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers,
both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by
Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious
Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public
Trust under the United States."

And in the first Amendment, "Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of
the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a
redress of grievances."

In fact, religious practice is limited and the intention was to limit
religion and its insideous incursion in government. The Founding
Fathers were well aware of the evils wrought by a state religion
whether in England or in the United States and wanted to make certain
that no religion was licensed as "official" (that's what an
"establishment" is, an official licensed religion -- look it up), and
that the federal government would not be compelled by any state to
recognize a state religion establishment. Hence, the wording of the
amendment (which went through several drafts before being finalized).
Not only would the federal government be prohibited from establishing
a religion, it would not respect or acknowledge any establishment of
religion by any state or territory.

If you don't think there is a limit to religious practice in the
United States, hang a witch, as they were prone to do a century before
the constituition was ratified, and see what happens. The Founding
Fathers -- at least Madison, Washington, Hamilton and a few others,
were not devotees of established religions. They tended to look on all
that with a jaundiced eye, even while they may have had their own,
private beliefs. Madison wanted all references to religion expunged
from government and wanted the government to run as if religion did
not exist. Washington wasn't far tfrom that view, nor was Franklin,
although Franklin never saw it as an issue so significant it should
cause much bother. Slavery was much more inportant in his viewpoint.

Let me ask you something. Just where would you draw the line? If
Government can play with the exercise of religion, where should it
stop?

President Bush fell ill at a banquet during a trip to Japan and vomited on
Kiichi Miyazawa The prime minister cradled the head of the president in his
lap afterward while Barbara Bush wiped the president's face.

On 11/25/2011 1:23 PM, Wexford wrote:
In fact, religious practice is limited and the intention was to limit
religion and its insideous incursion in government.

ABSOLUTELY NOT!

The are specifically to pass no law attempting to limit religion ... end
of story. If they pass a law which bans anything religious, anywhere,
they have already broken ties with the Constitution and now tread
treasonous grounds ... it is like, DUH!

As the paragraph you provided so adequately points out:
"And in the first Amendment, "Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of
the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a
redress of grievances."

Regards,
JS
The calendar says 2011, the heart says 1776!

On Thanksgiving Day, Americans gather with their family and
friends to
celebrate the blessings that Providence has bestowed on their
beloved
country.

A deep appreciation of these blessings involves understanding that
they were earned. It is to understand the awesome truth of how "God
helps those who help themselves" applies to the Mayflower
Pilgrims and
their First Thanksgiving at America's birth.

This is an appreciation and understanding of which those on the Left
are incapable - for it would mean celebrating the capitalist freedom
that made that original Thanksgiving possible. This no liberal, no
Democrat, no leftie can do. Thus they must distort history instead.

The distortion starts in Kindergarten, with the childish
make-believe
of your kid's school play portraying the noble Squanto teaching the
helpless Pilgrims how to feed themselves. So let's drop the curtain
on the distortion and watch the real thing. Here it is.

http://www.ToThePointNews.com/content/view/4762/2/

Written by Dr. Jack Wheelerwww.ToThePointNews.com

Dr. Wheeler needs to know that God help those who can't help
themselves which is what he did on the cross. Man had no hope, but
God intervened and took the penalty for all sin. Now, all man has to
do is believe and he is forgiven of all sin.

The first Thanksgiving was all about giving thanks to God for his
many
blessings he had given the Pilgrims as they crossed the sea and
afterwards when they had established homes in the Cape Cod area. The
first Thanksgiving was a prayfull three day celebration.

What Tracey won't talk about is that the Mayflower Compact prescribed
a socialist style of property distribution and socialist government.

Yep, our once great nation started out as a socialist colony. Both
the early Virginians and the Plymouth settlers subscribed to
socialism.

And it worked.

Separation of church and state got started with the pilgrims.

Bret Cahill

Yet We have settled for keeping the Federal government out of
religion.....

The word *separate* is NOT used in the constitution to describe the
relationship between government and religion.

Just the more powerful term "establishment."

Bret Cahill

Oh, I think "we" have ... take marriage for example, given to Adam and
Eve by God ... the government simply has no right to redefine it ... and

Yes they do ignore the constitution that tells government to stay out of
the "business" of religion. My point was that "we" The People decided in
the constitution that "congress shall NOT establish a National religion"
but there is NOTHING written in the constitution saying that religions
can't be present in government.

The constitution powers/laws limit government, they're NOT there to
limit religion

Seven (7) state constitutions from the Revolution had outright bans
against priests, athiests and ministers holding public office and it
was unthinkable everywhere else.

The NY Times would have everyone believe that Pat Robertson came over
on the Mayflower but that is one of the Big Lies the media put out.


Bret Cahill

George HW Bush Pukes in Japan

On 11/26/11 15:01 , Bret Cahill wrote:
On Thanksgiving Day, Americans gather with their family and
friends to
celebrate the blessings that Providence has bestowed on their
beloved
country.

A deep appreciation of these blessings involves understanding that
they were earned. It is to understand the awesome truth of how "God
helps those who help themselves" applies to the Mayflower
Pilgrims and
their First Thanksgiving at America's birth.

This is an appreciation and understanding of which those on the Left
are incapable - for it would mean celebrating the capitalist freedom
that made that original Thanksgiving possible. This no liberal, no
Democrat, no leftie can do. Thus they must distort history instead.

The distortion starts in Kindergarten, with the childish
make-believe
of your kid's school play portraying the noble Squanto teaching the
helpless Pilgrims how to feed themselves. So let's drop the curtain
on the distortion and watch the real thing. Here it is.

http://www.ToThePointNews.com/content/view/4762/2/

Written by Dr. Jack Wheelerwww.ToThePointNews.com

Dr. Wheeler needs to know that God help those who can't help
themselves which is what he did on the cross. Man had no hope, but
God intervened and took the penalty for all sin. Now, all man has to
do is believe and he is forgiven of all sin.

The first Thanksgiving was all about giving thanks to God for his
many
blessings he had given the Pilgrims as they crossed the sea and
afterwards when they had established homes in the Cape Cod area. The
first Thanksgiving was a prayfull three day celebration.

What Tracey won't talk about is that the Mayflower Compact prescribed
a socialist style of property distribution and socialist government.

Yep, our once great nation started out as a socialist colony. Both
the early Virginians and the Plymouth settlers subscribed to
socialism.

And it worked.

Separation of church and state got started with the pilgrims.

Bret Cahill

Yet We have settled for keeping the Federal government out of
religion.....

The word *separate* is NOT used in the constitution to describe the
relationship between government and religion.

Just the more powerful term "establishment."

Bret Cahill

Oh, I think "we" have ... take marriage for example, given to Adam and
Eve by God ... the government simply has no right to redefine it ... and

Yes they do ignore the constitution that tells government to stay out of
the "business" of religion. My point was that "we" The People decided in
the constitution that "congress shall NOT establish a National religion"
but there is NOTHING written in the constitution saying that religions
can't be present in government.

The constitution powers/laws limit government, they're NOT there to
limit religion

Seven (7) state constitutions from the Revolution had outright bans
against priests, athiests and ministers holding public office and it
was unthinkable everywhere else.


States are NOT the Federal Government. And the limits on the
Government defined by the Constitution are limits on the Federal
government.

The states may more or less do what they like.

But the distinction above is well made...there is a difference
between not establishing a national religion and barring religion
from being present in Government.

There is also a significant difference between religion and faith.

On 11/26/11 15:01 , Bret Cahill wrote:
On Thanksgiving Day, Americans gather with their family and
friends to
celebrate the blessings that Providence has bestowed on their
beloved
country.

A deep appreciation of these blessings involves understanding
that
they were earned. It is to understand the awesome truth of
how "God
helps those who help themselves" applies to the Mayflower
Pilgrims and
their First Thanksgiving at America's birth.

This is an appreciation and understanding of which those on
the Left
are incapable - for it would mean celebrating the capitalist
freedom
that made that original Thanksgiving possible. This no
liberal, no
Democrat, no leftie can do. Thus they must distort history
instead.

The distortion starts in Kindergarten, with the childish
make-believe
of your kid's school play portraying the noble Squanto
teaching the
helpless Pilgrims how to feed themselves. So let's drop the
curtain
on the distortion and watch the real thing. Here it is.

http://www.ToThePointNews.com/content/view/4762/2/

Written by Dr. Jack Wheelerwww.ToThePointNews.com

Dr. Wheeler needs to know that God help those who can't help
themselves which is what he did on the cross. Man had no hope,
but
God intervened and took the penalty for all sin. Now, all man
has to
do is believe and he is forgiven of all sin.

The first Thanksgiving was all about giving thanks to God for his
many
blessings he had given the Pilgrims as they crossed the sea and
afterwards when they had established homes in the Cape Cod
area. The
first Thanksgiving was a prayfull three day celebration.

What Tracey won't talk about is that the Mayflower Compact
prescribed
a socialist style of property distribution and socialist
government.

Yep, our once great nation started out as a socialist colony. Both
the early Virginians and the Plymouth settlers subscribed to
socialism.

And it worked.

Separation of church and state got started with the pilgrims.

Bret Cahill

Yet We have settled for keeping the Federal government out of
religion.....

The word *separate* is NOT used in the constitution to describe the
relationship between government and religion.

Just the more powerful term "establishment."

Bret Cahill

Oh, I think "we" have ... take marriage for example, given to Adam and
Eve by God ... the government simply has no right to redefine it ...
and

Yes they do ignore the constitution that tells government to stay out of
the "business" of religion. My point was that "we" The People decided in
the constitution that "congress shall NOT establish a National religion"
but there is NOTHING written in the constitution saying that religions
can't be present in government.

The constitution powers/laws limit government, they're NOT there to
limit religion

Seven (7) state constitutions from the Revolution had outright bans
against priests, athiests and ministers holding public office and it
was unthinkable everywhere else.


["Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof;"]


That says *CONGRESS* ... it says Nothing of the States powers?


["Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively,
or to the people."]


Amendment 10 says that since Congress was *NOT* given the power to make
laws establishing religion..... that POWER belongs to the States. Is
there some where that this power is prohibited to the States? I didn't
see that amendment but I'd be open to creating it.


What is NOT a Federal power is a State power, or a Right of the people.









--


Here... I did a find and replace of *United States*
to *Federal Government*




Article. I.
Section. 1.

All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of
the *Federal Government*, which shall consist of a Senate and House of
Representatives.
Section. 2.

The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every
second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in
each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the
most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the
Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the
*Federal Government*, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant
of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several
States which may be included within this Union, according to their
respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole
Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of
Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other
Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after
the first Meeting of the Congress of the *Federal Government*, and
within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall
by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for
every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one
Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of
New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight,
Rhode-Island? and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five,
New-York? six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one,
Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five,
and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the
Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such
Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other
Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
Section. 3.

The Senate of the *Federal Government* shall be composed of two Senators
from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six Years; and
each Senator shall have one Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first
Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes.
The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the
Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of
the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth
Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if
Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the
Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary
Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then
fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of
thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the
*Federal Government*, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant
of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the *Federal Government* shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro
tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise
the Office of President of the *Federal Government*.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When
sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the
President of the *Federal Government* is tried, the Chief Justice shall
preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two
thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to
removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office
of honor, Trust or Profit under the *Federal Government*: but the Party
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial,
Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
Section. 4.

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and
Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature
thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such
Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such
Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
Law appoint a different Day.
Section. 5.

Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and
Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall
constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of
absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House
may provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its
Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two
thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment
require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on
any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be
entered on the Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the
Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section. 6.

The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their
Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the
*Federal Government*. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony
and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their
Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to
and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either
House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the
*Federal Government*, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments
whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person
holding any Office under the *Federal Government*, shall be a Member of
either House during his Continuance in Office.
Section. 7.

All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as
on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the
Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of
the *Federal Government*: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he
shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall
have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their
Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two
thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent,
together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House,
it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses
shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons
voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each
House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President
within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to
him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it,
unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which
Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate
and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of
Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the *Federal
Government*; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by
him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and
Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
Section. 8.

The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts
and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and
general Welfare of the *Federal Government*; but all Duties, Imposts and
Excises shall be uniform throughout the *Federal Government*;

To borrow Money on the credit of the *Federal Government*;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on
the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the *Federal Government*;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and
fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and
current Coin of the *Federal Government*;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for
limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their
respective Writings and Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high
Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules
concerning Captures on Land and Water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that
Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and
naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the
Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia,
and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of
the *Federal Government*, reserving to the States respectively, the
Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia
according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such
District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of
particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of
the Government of the *Federal Government*, and to exercise like
Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of
the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts,
Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;--And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this
Constitution in the Government of the *Federal Government*, or in any
Department or Officer thereof.

Section. 9.

The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the
Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a
Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten
dollars for each Person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may
require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion
to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to
the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound
to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in
another.

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of
Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the
Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from
time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the *Federal Government*: And
no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall,
without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument,
Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or
foreign State.
Section. 10.

No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant
Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make
any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass
any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the
Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or
Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties
and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the
Use of the Treasury of the *Federal Government*; and all such Laws shall
be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of
Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any
Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or
engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as
will not admit of delay.
Article. II.
Section. 1.

The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the
*Federal Government* of America. He shall hold his Office during the
Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for
the same Term, be elected, as follows:

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may
direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but
no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or
Profit under the *Federal Government*, shall be appointed an Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot
for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the
same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the
Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the
Government of the *Federal Government*, directed to the President of the
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate
and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes
shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes
shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number
of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such
Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of
Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for
President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest
on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But
in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the
Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the
States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice.
In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the
greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President.
But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate
shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day
on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same
throughout the *Federal Government*.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the
*Federal Government*, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution,
shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person
be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of
thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the
*Federal Government*.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death,
Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said
Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress
may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or
Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what
Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act
accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be
elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a
Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
within that Period any other Emolument from the *Federal Government*, or
any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the
following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
will faithfully execute the Office of President of the *Federal
Government*, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and
defend the Constitution of the *Federal Government*."
Section. 2.

The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the
*Federal Government*, and of the Militia of the several States, when
called into the actual Service of the *Federal Government*; he may
require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the
executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their
respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and
Pardons for Offences against the *Federal Government*, except in Cases
of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,
to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur;
and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the
Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the
*Federal Government*, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise
provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress
may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think
proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of
Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen
during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall
expire at the End of their next Session.
Section. 3.

He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State
of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he
shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions,
convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement
between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn
them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors
and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be
faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the
*Federal Government*.
Section. 4.

The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the
*Federal Government*, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for,
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article III.
Section. 1.

The judicial Power of the *Federal Government* shall be vested in one
supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time
to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and
inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and
shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which
shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Section. 2.

The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising
under this Constitution, the Laws of the *Federal Government*, and
Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to all
Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all
Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which
the *Federal Government* shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two
or more States;-- between a State and Citizens of another
State;--between Citizens of different States;--between Citizens of the
same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between
a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have
original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the
supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and
Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress
shall make.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by
Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes
shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the
Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have
directed.
Section. 3.

Treason against the *Federal Government*, shall consist only in levying
War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and
Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony
of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but
no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture
except during the Life of the Person attainted.
Article. IV.
Section. 1.

Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts,
Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress
may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and
Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
Section. 2.

The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and
Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who
shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand
of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered
up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or
Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall
be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may
be due.
Section. 3.

New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new
State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other
State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or
Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States
concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules
and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to
the *Federal Government*; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so
construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the *Federal Government*, or of
any particular State.
Section. 4.

The *Federal Government* shall guarantee to every State in this Union a
Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against
Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive
(when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.
Article. V.

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States,
shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case,
shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the
several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first
and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that
no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage
in the Senate.
Article. VI.

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption
of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the *Federal Government*
under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the *Federal Government* which shall
be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be
made, under the Authority of the *Federal Government*, shall be the
supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound
thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the
Contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of
the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers,
both of the *Federal Government* and of the several States, shall be
bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no
religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office
or public Trust under the *Federal Government*.
Article. VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient
for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so
ratifying the Same.

The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines
of the first Page, the Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure
in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried" being
interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first
Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third and
forty fourth Lines of the second Page.

Attest William Jackson Secretary

Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the
Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the
*Federal Government* of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have
hereunto subscribed our Names,





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