Art wrote:
"Why do the scientists still refer to the emperical instead of using
Maxwell`s laws to determine them?"

The proof of the pudding is in the eating. Calculations symbolize
erformance. Measurements can be factual.

Kraus invented the axial mode helical antenna after an expert predicted
such an antenna could not work. Kraus immediately went home, wound some
wire around a form, hooked it to a generator and it was an instant
success. Analysis quickly followed his discovery. Kraus and his
associates produced all the math needed to make similar antennas. My
1950 edition of "Antennas" is rich with formulas and tables. With the
labs available at The Ohio State University and the expert though
inexpensive labor at hand to work on the new discovery, I`d bet my last
dollar they got the numbers and the formulas right.

The commercial helical antennas I`ve used in the 450 MHz band compared
favorably with the corner reflector antennas we also used in that band.

Best regards, Richard Harrison, KB5WZI