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#31
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In article ,
"Mark Jones" 127.0.0.1 wrote: Bob wrote: Looking for tiny incandescent lamps for my TM-451A Kenwood. Apparently these are 6 V or so; there are four of them in series parallel controlled by a regulator to vary intensity. They light up the LCD and two of them are burned out. I have searched many of the usual sources and can't seem to locate replacement lamps; as a last resort I could go to Pacific Parts but they are so expensive. These are just inexpensively made tiny bulbs with wire leads. Any suggestions? Bob Perhaps one of these might fit the bill, LED replacements for typical incandesents... http://dkc3.digikey.com/PDF/T033/1200.pdf You seem fixated on replacing the originals with incadescent bulbs. Here is another source: http://www.lightbulbwarehouse.com/ And if that is too expensive, try the miniature bulbs used for model trains or doll houses or christmas tree lights. Al -- There's never enough time to do it right the first time....... |
#32
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William Sommerwerck wrote: He didn't say where he got the 12th-power rule. Anybody know? I don't know where it came from, or if it is accurate. (I don't doubt or dispute it - I just don't know.) But in 1978 I wired the 2 bulbs in the each of the EXIT lights in the church in series. They were burning out in 3-4 months before that. Since I wired them in series, we haven't had to replace a single bulb. The bulbs are lit 24x7, so they don't go through any on/off stress. |
#33
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On Thu, 28 Aug 2003 12:44:54 -0700, the renowned "William Sommerwerck"
wrote: Thanks for the confirmation of 12th power. The 12th power approximation does originate at GE Lighting, AFAIK, but is only valid for voltages rather close to the rated operating voltage, and for typical high voltage incandescent lamps. Long-life and halogen bulbs WON'T behave the same. http://www.eaoswitch.com/about/lamps.htm Here's a rule of thumb for low-voltage halogens: http://www.ndlight.com.au/low_voltage_lighting.htm They claim a 5% voltage increase will reduce life by 50%, which is more like the 13.5th power. The one time I checked the 12th power approximation against actual testing of low wattage high voltage (mains) lamps it was off by more than an order of magnitude, so take the whole thing with a grain of salt, IMHO, unless your lamp type matches the type used for testing. I'm sure a real lamp specialist could go on for hours about this sort of thing. Best regards, Spehro Pefhany -- "it's the network..." "The Journey is the reward" Info for manufacturers: http://www.trexon.com Embedded software/hardware/analog Info for designers: http://www.speff.com |
#34
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The 12th power approximation does originate at GE Lighting,
AFAIK, but is only valid for voltages rather close to the rated operating voltage, and for typical high voltage incandescent lamps. Long-life and halogen bulbs WON'T behave the same. The urban legend about halogen lamps is that reducing the voltage even slightly causes the filament to burn out prematurely. The reasoning is that the slight drop in temperature reduces the halogen self-healing effect much more than it reduces the evaporation of the filament. I believe this is correct. Thanks for the references. Now... Does anyone know anything about helium reducing the life of incandescent lamps? grin http://www.eaoswitch.com/about/lamps.htm Here's a rule of thumb for low-voltage halogens: http://www.ndlight.com.au/low_voltage_lighting.htm They claim a 5% voltage increase will reduce life by 50%, which is more like the 13.5th power. The one time I checked the 12th power approximation against actual testing of low wattage high voltage (mains) lamps it was off by more than an order of magnitude, so take the whole thing with a grain of salt, IMHO, unless your lamp type matches the type used for testing. I'm sure a real lamp specialist could go on for hours about this sort of thing. |
#35
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On Sun, 31 Aug 2003 10:38:58 GMT, Spehro Pefhany
wrote: On Thu, 28 Aug 2003 12:44:54 -0700, the renowned "William Sommerwerck" wrote: Thanks for the confirmation of 12th power. The 12th power approximation does originate at GE Lighting, AFAIK, but is only valid for voltages rather close to the rated operating voltage, and for typical high voltage incandescent lamps. Long-life and halogen bulbs WON'T behave the same. http://www.eaoswitch.com/about/lamps.htm Here's a rule of thumb for low-voltage halogens: http://www.ndlight.com.au/low_voltage_lighting.htm The problem with Halogens is LOW voltage reduces the life of the bulb as well. The Halogen Cycle requires a minimum temperature in order to re-deposit the tungsten on the filament.Low voltage boils the tungsten off and deposits it on the glass envelope. Eventually the glass gets dark and the filament gets too thin and burns out. Specified voltage maintains proper temperature for thr reddepositing of tungsten on the filament. This operating heat is why quartz glass envelopes are generally used for halogen bulbs. This is copied from elsewhere on the web: What is the difference between the internal conditions and mass transports happening inside the noble gas fill, and the halogen cycle incandescent bulbs? Noble gases do not react with the tungsten vapor, leading to a layer of semi-opaque condensed tungsten on the inner surface of the bulb. Since the bulb is cooler than the boiling point of tungsten, tungsten is gradually transfered from the filament to the bulb until the filament burns out. Halogens react with tungsten vapor, resulting in a layer of tungsten halide on the inner surface of the bulb --- but since tungsten halide is transparent, less light is absorbed. Also, tungsten halide has a low enough boiling point that it can re-evaporate when the bulb is hot enough. Finally, if tungsten halide molecules get close enough to the fillament, they can disassociate back into tungsten and halogen atoms, and the tungsten can be re-deposited onto the filament, extending its lifetime, while the halogen goes back into the fill gas. There is an important elegance to the tungsten-halogen cycle. Because the filament is a series resistance with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, any part that thins by sublimation runs hotter than the rest. In a conventional bulb the heavy gas fill acts to reduce sublimation and thermally insulate the filament so a given power level gives more visible light. However, a localized thinning gives positive feedback and failure. In a tungsten-halogen bulb, sublimated tungsten reacts to give volatile tungsten halides that thermally decompose and redeposit metal at the hottest spots. The bulb does not darken from transported tungsten. The hottest spots get rebuilt. Negative feedback allows a filament to be run very hot indeed. There is a price to be paid. The envelope must be made of fused silica to take the high temperature. A mere trace of sodium (a fingerprint) catalyzes crystallization of fused slica to cristobalite at temp. When the envelope cools or heats it cracks from differential coefficients of thermal expansion. When tungsten halogen bulbs fail in use the results are often quite... attention-getting. Internal pressure at operating temperature can be several atmospheres. Tungsten halogen bulbs also have a pretty good UV component compared to ordinary incandescents unless the envelope is doped with cerium or such. |
#36
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#37
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nobody wrote: In wrote: But in 1978 I wired the 2 bulbs in the each of the EXIT lights in the church in series. Congratulations, you probably bypassed a safety feature. If they're in parallel, if one burns out the other keeps going. In series, if one goes they're both out, and the exit sign is no longer visible. But if he'd have left them in parallel, they most certainly would have both burned out long ago! :-p Cheers, Fred -- +--------------------------------------------+ | Music: http://www3.telus.net/dogstarmusic/ | | Projects: http://dogstar.dantimax.dk | +--------------------------------------------+ |
#38
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A diode, ballast, or capacitor in series with each lamp would be
fairly good too. Ballast is best because it performs surge suppression. Stepan On Tue, 02 Sep 2003 21:04:55 GMT, Fred Nachbaur wrote: nobody wrote: In wrote: But in 1978 I wired the 2 bulbs in the each of the EXIT lights in the church in series. Congratulations, you probably bypassed a safety feature. If they're in parallel, if one burns out the other keeps going. In series, if one goes they're both out, and the exit sign is no longer visible. But if he'd have left them in parallel, they most certainly would have both burned out long ago! :-p Cheers, Fred |
#39
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On 2 Sep 2003 20:44:40 GMT, nobody wrote:
In wrote: But in 1978 I wired the 2 bulbs in the each of the EXIT lights in the church in series. Congratulations, you probably bypassed a safety feature. If they're in parallel, if one burns out the other keeps going. In series, if one goes they're both out, and the exit sign is no longer visible. And what if both burn out in parallel, which they eventually will - and eventually is measured in months or, at best a low number of years. With the series string, if one blows it will likely be a decade or 2 or 3. |
#40
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In article , Stepan
Novotill wrote: A diode, ballast, or capacitor in series with each lamp would be That would have been the proper solution. There are these little buttons you stick to the tip of the screw-base of the bulb. You then screw this entire thing into the socket. It's called a "bulb saver" and is essentially a tiny diode in series that chops the voltage across the bulb in half. I assume the bulb bases for these exit lights are much smaller than Edison based household bulbs (intermediate base perhaps?) and the bulb savers I've seen are only for Edison sockets. I think some EXIT lamp manufacturers were also selling LED retrofit kits for some of these lights. Also, door slamming and vibration could have been a partial reason for premature lamp failure. But now we're getting WAAYYYYYY off topic here. -- Sven Weil New York City, U.S.A. |
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