"Richard Harrison" wrote
...
Szczepan wrote:
"Christofire wrote: "Would you care to cite a reference where it is
stated that EM waves in the far field of a transmitting antenna contain
a significant logitudinal component? Many respected authors, such as
Kraus, have illustrated the cintrary."

Add Terman to Kraus. On page 1 of Terman`s 1955 opus Terman says:
"Electrical energy that has escaped into free space exists in the form
of electromagtnetic waves. These waves, which are commonly called radio
waves, travel with the velocity of light and consist of mahnetic and
electric fields that are at right angles to each other and also at right
angles to the direction of travel."

Szczepan also wrote: You should see the Luxembourg effect (frequency
foubling) and directional pattern."

That would interest me. I worked four years in a European shortwave
broadcast station and I don`t remember any frequency doubling but we
aspired to hit the ionosphere with enough power to drive it into extreme
nonlinearity end impose our signal en all the others in the area ala
Luxembourg.

You have read too lot. Mike is right: "It's a lot easier to argue these
points without references"

Hertz did not hit the ionosphere. Look at his apparatus:
http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jone...Hertz_exp.html

You know that "According to theory, if electromagnetic waves were spreading
from the oscillator sparks, they would induce a current in the loop that
would send sparks across the gap."

According to EM theory the frequency is one and no the lobs in directional
patern.

But you can assume that the capacitor plates are the two seperate sources of
electric waves (of course not in phase).
In such case the frequency in the receiver will be its orientation
dependent. But there are only the two possibilities: the same or doubled.
Similar will be with the directional patern. There has place the normal
interference.

Of course the monopole antennas are free from such phenomenon. What are with
dipole arrays I do not know. People from a phase radar know.

Not all vertical dipole exhibit it. The both ends must be above a landscape.
The famous Luxembourg mast was on the tip of a mount.
The Warsaw was on flat so the effect was obserwed only in Austria mountains.

This is only one theory among many (choosen by teachers to teach the math):
"These waves, which are commonly called radio waves, travel with the
velocity of light and consist of mahnetic and electric fields that are at
right angles to each other and also at right angles to the direction of
travel."

Each famous scientist wrote his own Electrodynamics.
Best regards,S*